Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring for Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Skull Base: A Technical Guide

Figure 4

Monopolar stimulation of the left oculomotor nerve at 0.50 mA with subsequent compound muscle action potentials recorded from the left inferior rectus muscle using and intramuscular needle electrode (a). This response is referenced to the contralateral orbicularis oculi muscle. (b) The ipsilateral lateral rectus recording, which was not activated with this stimulation.