| | References | Intervention | Control group | Frequency |
| | Vincent et al., 2014 [20] | Resistance exercise intervention (TOTRX):
(i) leg press, leg curl, leg extension, chest press, seated row, overhead press, triceps dips, lumbar extension, biceps curls, calf press, and abdominal curl
Lumbar extension intervention (LEXT):
(i) lumbar extension | Yes:
no exercise intervention with normal medical care and follow-up | TOTRX:
3 sessions per week for 4 months, one set of 15 reps of 60% 1 RM
(i) progress with increase 2% of initial set per week for four months
LEXT:
2 sets of lumbar exercise, 15 reps each, 3 times per week for four months |
| | Hicks et al., 2012 [31] | Strengthening:
(i) abdominal strengthening, thoracolumbar, and scapula retraction in sitting or standing position or lying
Stretching:
(i) hamstring and calf
Endurance:
(i) 5–10 minutes walking | No | 12 months, one hour, twice weekly, per session (20–30-time reps) |
| | Vincent et al., 2014 [28] | Resistance exercise intervention (TOTRX):
leg press, leg curl, leg extension, chest press, seated row, overhead press, triceps dip, lumbar extension, biceps curl, calf press, abdominal curl, and the lumbar extension exercise, one set of 15 reps.
Lumbar extension intervention LEXT:
lumbar extension exercise 15 reps × 2 sets | Yes:
education on strengthening exercise, healthy nutritional choices, and back pain | TOTRX:
15 reps, one set, 60% of 1 RM, 3 times per week for 4 months |
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