Adverse Childhood Experiences among American Indian/Alaska Native Children: The 2011-2012 National Survey of Children’s Health
Table 4
Developmental, behavioral, and service-related outcomes of AI/AN children with fewer than 2 parent-reported ACEs compared to AI/AN children with 2 or more and 3 or more parent-reported ACEs: National Survey of Children’s Health 2011-2012.
Developmental, behavioral, and service-related outcomes
Less than 2 ACEs among AI/AN children
2 or more ACEs among AI/AN children
value for prevalence rate difference
Prevalence rate ratio
3 or more ACEs among AI/AN children
value for prevalence rate difference
Prevalence rate ratio
%
%
%
Provider-diagnosed conditions
Learning disability
9.9 (3.21)
11.7 (2.42)
0.653
1.2
13.1 (3.22)
0.484
1.3
Depression
0.4 (0.35)
10.7 (4.82)
0.033
26.8
14.4 (6.87)
0.041
36.0
Anxiety disorder
1.8 (0.97)
6.3 (1.81)
0.029
3.5
7.7 (2.53)
0.029
4.3
Conduct disorder
1.4 (0.56)
3.6 (1.09)
0.072
2.6
4.6 (1.56)
0.054
3.3
Autism spectrum disorder
1.1 (0.44)
1.3 (0.43)
0.741
1.2
1.5 (0.56)
0.576
1.4
ADHD
5.5 (1.83)
10.8 (2.16)
0.062
2.0
12.5 (2.93)
0.042
2.3
Developmental delay
3.8 (0.96)
3.5 (0.81)
0.810
0.9
4.0 (1.07)
0.889
1.1
Speech disorder
5.0 (1.08)
7.3 (2.01)
0.313
1.5
7.4 (2.56)
0.390
1.5
Other parent-reported health conditions/needs
Special health care needs
13.6 (2.24)
33.3 (4.72)
0.0002
2.4
38.0 (6.35)
0.0003
2.8
Prescribed medication
9.2 (1.95)
23.4 (4.70)
0.005
2.5
27.2 (6.51)
0.008
3.0
Elevated service use
4.8 (1.11)
14.4 (2.59)
0.0006
3.0
17.1 (3.60)
0.001
3.6
Functional limitations
2.6 (0.71)
5.7 (1.25)
0.031
2.2
5.4 (1.41)
0.077
2.1
Special therapies
3.2 (0.80)
5.0 (1.52)
0.294
1.6
5.9 (2.19)
0.246
1.8
Emotional, developmental, or behavioral problems
1.7 (0.40)
19.1 (4.78)
0.0003
11.2
26.1 (6.64)
0.0002
15.4
Parent-reported child behaviors (0 to 5 years of age)
Parent is concerned a lot about the following
How the child is learning to do things for him-/herself
4.8 (1.63)
2.3 (1.20)
0.215
0.5
5.0 (2.69)
0.952
1.0
How the child is learning in preschool
5.6 (1.95)
3.3 (1.41)
0.337
0.6
7.3 (3.19)
0.653
1.3
How the child behaves
8.5 (3.44)
6.5 (3.02)
0.66
0.8
7.8 (3.14)
0.881
0.9
How the child gets along with others
9.7 (3.48)
2.1 (1.07)
0.037
0.2
4.9 (2.53)
0.263
0.5
Parent-reported child behaviors (6 to 17 years of age)
Child has been having problems with school
22.5 (3.41)
48.2 (5.45)
0.0001
2.1
45.4 (6.72)
0.002
2.0
Child argues too much
11.4 (2.23)
30.3 (5.37)
0.001
2.7
34.5 (6.98)
0.002
3.0
Child bullies or is cruel or mean to others
2.0 (1.11)
4.5 (2.29)
0.327
2.3
6.0 (3.20)
0.238
3.0
Child is unhappy, sad, or depressed
2.7 (1.41)
5.6 (3.46)
0.435
2.1
6.3 (4.73)
0.465
2.3
Child does not maintain self-control when faced with a challenge
3.6 (1.13)
9.7 (2.42)
0.023
2.7
10.5 (3.12)
0.038
2.9
Child does not care about doing well in school
11.1 (2.01)
31.0 (4.31)
>0.0001
2.8
31.6 (5.39)
0.0004
2.8
Child repeated grade
9.0 (2.27)
22.3 (5.52)
0.026
2.5
26.2 (7.28)
0.024
2.9
Health care/services
Child has insurance adequate to cover needed services
78.6 (3.88)
76.5 (3.68)
0.697
1.0
75.3 (5.01)
0.603
1.0
Child received needed counseling
19.6 (6.55)
68.0 (9.69)
>0.0001
3.5
66.7 (10.8)
0.0002
3.4
Child was screened by a doctor for developmental problems
22.9 (4.13)
30.5 (9.43)
0.459
1.3
24.8 (10.0)
0.857
1.1
Doctor asked about parent concerns
50.2 (5.00)
52.9 (8.63)
0.787
1.1
46.5 (10.4)
0.749
0.9
Child has IEP or IFSP
9.2 (1.60)
13.1 (2.43)
0.18
1.4
13.1 (3.01)
0.254
1.4
Probability for comparison of 2+ ACEs versus fewer than 2 ACEs based on the test for the comparison of two proportions. Probability for comparison of 3+ ACEs versus fewer than 2 ACEs based on the test for the comparison of two proportions.
