An Ethnobotanical Survey of Indigenous Knowledge on Medicinal Plants Used by Communities to Treat Various Diseases around Ensaro District, North Shewa Zone of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Table 8

List of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in the study area.

Scientific name	Local name	Family	Habit	Habitat	Part used	Co	Preparation	Mode of application	Method of preparation	Route	Disease treated
Allium cepa L.	Keye shekuret	Liliaceae or Alliaceae	H	C	Bu	F	Roast the mixture of chopped onion with egg and oil without adding water. Finally, add salt, then eat with injera, used to treat diarrhea	Eating	Chopping	Oral	Diarrheal
Acacia abyssinica Hochst. Ex Benth.	Girare	Fabaceae	T	W and C	L	F	Pound the mixture of seven leaves of Acacia abyssinica and seven leaves of Rhamnus prinoides, soak in a bitter calabash container with water, and finally immerse the baby	Washing	Pounding	Dermal	Undersized baby (yelijoch mkechech)
Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex)	Tejesar	Poaceae	H	C	Wp	F	Pound the whole plant parts, mix with water, and then drink it; Crushed and mixed with water and then drink it	Drinking; Drinking	Pounding; Crushing	Oral; Oral	Stomachache; Mogn bagegn (high blood pressure)
Kalanchoe Schimperiana A. Rich.	Endahahula	Crassulaceae	H	W	L	F	The leaf was heated and then attached to the wound	Put on	Heating	Dermal	Wound
Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br.	Raskimire	Lamiaceae	H	W	R	D	Dried the root and fumigated	Fumigating	Smoking	Nasal	Mitch (disease caused by excess sun is believed to cause mitch “sunstroke”)
Coffea arabica L	Buna	Rubiaceae	S	C	S and L	F	Boil the mixture of powdered coffee with butter and then drink it	Drinking	Powdering	Oral	Cough
Hordeum vulgare L	Gebese	Poaceae	H	C	S	D	Roasted seed ground and mix with lemon and wait until fermented and then drink it	Drinking	Powdering	Oral	Diarrheal
Lippia adoensis var adoensis	Kessie	Verbenaceae	H	C	R	D and F	Chewing the root and then swallow	Swallowing	Chewing	Oral	Smallpox
Tephrosia bracteolata’Guill. and Perr.	Gerngera	Fabaceae	S	W	R	F	Chewing the root and swallow	Swallowing	Chewing	Oral	Snakebite
Persea americana Mill	Avocado	Lauraceae	T	C	L	F	The leaves were boiled with water and drink the liquid portion after filtration	Drinking	Boiling	Oral	Kidney infection
Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst ex Benth	Demakese	Lamiaceae	S	W	L	F	The leaves were boiled with water and put in very hot metal in the boiled mixture and finally fumigated; Pound the leaves and squeeze them, then mix them with honey and finally drink it	Fumigating; Drinking	Boiling; Pounding	Nasal; Oral	Mitch; Mitch
Saccharum officinarum L.	Shenkora ageda	Poaceae	H	C	Stem	F	Crushed the stem of a plant and boiled finally drinking it	Drinking	Crushing	Oral	Cough and common cold
Schinus molle L.	Kunedo berebere	Anacardiaceae	T	C	S	D	Powdered the dried seed and drank it	Drinking	Powdering	Oral	Stomachache
Carica papaya L	Papaya	Caricaceae	T	C	F	D and F	Eating the fruit every morning; Crushed and dried the leaves and then powdered and applied to the wound	Eating; Put on	Unprocessed; Powdering	Oral; Dermal	Gastric; Wound
Carthamus tinctorius	Yabesha suff	Asteraceae	H	C	S	F	Boil the mixture of Sesamum indicum, Carthamus tinctorius, and Guizotia abyssinica seeds and drink it	Drinking	Boiling	Oral	Cough
Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl.	Chate	Celastraceae	S	C	L	F	Pound the leaves and boil and drink them at night for 3 to 4 consecutive days	Drinking	Pounding and boiling	Oral	Cough
Foeniculum vulgare Miller	Ensilale	Apiaceae	H	W	Wp	F	Pounded the leaves and stem and boiled with water and drank; Chewing the plant and mixing it with salt, applied to the affected part	Drinking; Holding	Pounding; Chewing	Oral; Oral	Kidney and stomach ache; Teeth
Nigella sativa L.	Tekur azemude	Ranunculaceae	H	C	S	D	Crushed the seed and sniff; Keep the seed in ventilated cloth and then inhaled it	Sniffing; Sniffing	Crushing; Unprocessed	Nasal; Nasal	Cough; Common cold
Olea europaea L. ssp. Cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif.	Woyera	Oleaceae	T	C and W	Stem	D & F	The wood of Olea europaea is inserted into a pitcher and is given high heat and distilled. Then applied the distilled droplets to the affected part	Dropping	Crushing and distilling	Dermal	Wound
Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Bak.	Berebera	Fabaceae	T	W	R	D	Powdered the deride root and drank it	Drinking	Powdering	Oral	Impotency
Musa x paradisiaca L.	Muse	Musaceae	H	C	F	F	Rubbed affected parts with the peel of the banana	Rubbing	Unprocessed	Dermal	Cheffa or eczemas
Cucurbita spp	Gim hareg	Cucurbitaceae	C	W	R	F	Inhaling after crushing the root	Sniffing	Crushing	Nasal	Malaria
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal in Dc.	Gezwa	Solanaceae	S	W	L	D	Crushed and powdered the roots of Withania somnifera, Carissa spinarum, Verbena officinalis, Capparis tomentosa, Cucumis ficifolius, and whole parts of Artemisia afra, Ruta chalepensis, Bulb of Allium sativum then fumigated	Fumigating	Pounding	Nasal	Evil eye
Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) Vatke	Misirch	Lamiaceae	S	W	Ba	F	In the early morning, the local healer before meeting with other people collects the bark of a plant with a mouth and then drops the bark to the mouth of a snake-bitten person. The healer never talked during this process	Swallowing	Unprocessed	Oral	Snakebite
Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex Wild.	Chekugn	Asteraceae	H	W	Hp	F	Inhaled the smash leaves and put them in your pocket; Smashed the leaves and drank	Sniffing; Drinking	Pounding; Pounding	Nasal; Oral	Evil eye and common cold; Acute cough
Guizotia abyssinica Cass	Nug	Asteraceae	H	C	S	D	Boiled the seed with water and then drank it after filtration; Boiled the mixture of Guizotia abyssinica seed, tenadam, and areka and drank it	Drinking; Drinking	Boiling; Boiling	Oral; Oral	Cough; Common cold
Cicer arietinum L.	Shenebera	Fabaceae	H	C	S	D	Bake the powder of cicer as injera and eat; Mix the powder of the cicer with water and drink; Boil the chickpea seed (mangregeb) and mix with salt and eat	Eating; Drinking; Eating	Powdering; Powdering; Boiling	Oral; Oral; Oral	Malaria; Malaria; To heal the broken bone
Epilobium hirsutum L.	Woneze ademek	Onagraceae	H	W (river)	L	F	Crushed the mixture of Epilobium hirsutum leaf, seven capsicum fruit, a bar of salt, Shiro, and finally ate with one-third of injera	Eating	Pounding	Oral	Jaundice
Rhus retinorrhoea Krauss	Tlem	Anacardiaceae	S	W	L and R	F	Pound the leaf and root, then mix with water, and finally drink it	Drinking	Pounding	Oral	Liver
Maytenus arbutifolia (A. Rich.) Wilczek	Tekur Atate	Celastraceae	S	W	L	F	Chew the leaf and swallow	Swallowing	Chewing	Oral	Stomachache
Ziziphus spina-christi	Geba (Qurqura)	Rhamnaceae	S	W	Ba	F	Chew the bark and swallow	Swallowing	Chewing	Oral	Stomachache
Vicia faba L.	Bakela	Fabaceae	H	C	S	D	Chew the seed and tie on to the wound; Soaked the seed in water and roasted it finally, consuming it after adding salt	Put on; Eating	Chewing; Boiling	Dermal; Oral	Wound; Diarrhea
Trticum spp	Sinde	Poaceae	H	C	S	D	Chew the seed and tie on to the wound	Put on	Chewing	Dermal	Wound
Croton macrostachyus Hochst	Bisana	Euphorbiaceae	T	W	L	F	Boiled the mixture of bisana, nech beharzaf, and damakese together finally fumigated	Fumigating	Boiling	Nasal	Mitch
Barleria prionitis	Yesete melase	Acanthaceae	S	W	L	F	Chew the bark and swallow; Pound the leaves and apply to the affected parts	Swallowing; Put on	Chewing; Pounding	Oral; Ocular	Snakebite as first aid; Eye disease
Moringa stenopetala	Morinega	Moringaceae	T	W	L	F	Pound the leaves and drink them	Drinking	Pounding	Oral	Blood pressure
Melia azedarach L.	Nim	Meliaceae	T	C	Ba	F	Pound the bark and drink it after mixing it with water	Drinking	Pounding	Oral	Malaria
Phytolacca dodecandra L’Herit	Endode	Phytolaccaceae	S	W	R	F	Pound the fresh root and mix it with water and then drink it	Drinking	Pounding	Oral	Abortion and malaria
Euphorbia tirucalli L	Kenchib	Euphorbiaceae	S	C	Sap	F	After the scorpion bite, snicks the bitten-boy part with a blade and applies the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli to the snicked part	Dropping	Unprocessed	Dermal	Scorpion bite
Rumex nepalensis Spreng.	Tulet	Polygonaceae	H	W	R	F	Chew the root and swallow; Pound the root and tied on the wound	Swallowing; Put on	Chewing; Pounding	Oral; Dermal	Stomachache; Wound
Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC.) Schweinf.	Mereneze	Apocynaceae	S	W	R	D	Dried and powdered the root and fumigated; Crushed the root and mixed with water and then drank it	Fumigating; Drinking	Powdering; Crushing	Nasal; Oral	Evil eye; Vomiting
Datura stramonium L.	Asetnager	Solanaceae	H	W	L	F	Crushed the leaves and applied them on the head; Pound the leaves and squeeze and then apply them to the affected body part	Painting; Painting	Pounding; Pounding	Dermal; Dermal	Dandruff and wound; Wound
Daucus carota L.	Karrote	Apiaceae	H	C	R	F	Chewing the root and swallowing it	Swallowing	Chewing	Oral	Kidney and eye clearance
Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb.	Koshim	Salicaceae	S	W and C	F	F	Heated the half of fruit and then tied it to the affected part	Put on	Heating	Dermal	Hemorrhoids
Embelia schimperi Vatke	Enkoko	Myrsinaceae	S	W	L	F	Pounding the seed of (Embelia schimperi) and Nug (Guizotia abyssinica) and eating with Kita	Eating	Pounding	Oral	Tapeworms
Prunus africana	Tekur echete	Rosaceae	S	W	L	D	Powdered the dried leaves and then smoked or fumigated	Fumigating	Powdering	Nasal	Evil eye
Clutia lanceolata Forssk	Feyele feg	Euphorbiaceae	S	W	R	D	Powdered the dried root and then smoked or fumigated	Fumigating	Powdering	Nasal	Evil eye
Coria africa Lam	Waneza	Boraginaceae	T	W and C	L	F	Pound the leaves and boil with water and finally fumigated	Fumigating	Pounding and boiling	Nasal	Cough and mitch
Ferula communis L.	Dog	Apiaceae	H	W	L	F	The leaves crushed and pounded and then inhaled it	Sniffing	Pounding	Nasal	Evil eye
Rosa abyssinica Lindley	Kega	Rosaceae	S	W	R	D	Burn the dried root and fumigated	Fumigating	Smoking	Nasal	Evil eye
Myrtus communis L.	Ades	Myrtaceae	S	W	L	D	The powder of dried leaf mixed with butter (paste); Mixed the dried leaf powder with butter	Painting; Painting	Powdering; Powdering	Dermal; Dermal	Dandruff; Itch
Aloe pulcherrima Gilbert and sebsebe	Sete eret	Aloaceae	H	W	Latex	D and F	Cut the leaves and attach them to the affected part or powder of dried leaves and apply on the affected parts	Painting	Powdering	Dermal	Begunji and wound
Aloe debrana Christian	Wode eret	Aloaceae	H	W	Latex	F	Cut the leaves and attach them to the affected part	Put on	Unprocessed	Dermal	Wound
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill	Timatim	Solanaceae	H	C	L	F	Pound the mixture of leaves of Croton macrostachyus, Clerodendrum myricoides, Rhamnus prinoides, and Zehneria scabra were applied on the affected body part	Painting	Pounding	Dermal	Yegedegedewa
Silene macrosolen A. Rich.	Wogeret	Caryophyllaceae	H	W	L and R	F	Chewing the root and swallowing or pounding the leaves and drink	Drinking	Chewing	Oral	Tapeworms and headache
Trigonella foenumgraecum L	Abish	Fabaceae	H	C	S	D	Dried the boiled seed and ground it, then mixed it with water, and finally drank it after filtration	Drinking	Boiling	Oral	Constipation
Zehneria scabra (Linn.f.) Sond.	(Hareg resa)	Cucurbitaceae	C	W	L	F	Pounded the leaves and squeezed and then applied to affected body parts	Painting	Pounding	Dermal	Yegedegedewa
Inula confertiflora A. Rich.	Woyenagift	Asteraceae	S	W	L	F	Crushed or chewed the leaves and powdered and then applied to the affected eye	Dropping	Powdering	Ocular	Eye disease
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl	Qil	Cucurbitaceae	C	C & W	S	D & F	Mix the seed with the powder of teff and eat; Rubbed by the fleshy part of the fruit	Eating; Rubbing	Powdering; Unprocessed	Oral; Dermal	Rabies; Dandruff
Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex A. Rich.)	Aserkush	Vitaceae	C	W	L	F	Crushed the leaves and tied them to the affected body part	Put on	Pounding	Dermal	Wound
Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. F. Gmel	Koso	Rosaceae	T	W and C	S	F	Fruits are ground and mixed with milk and drunk in the morning empty stomach	Drinking	Pounding	Oral	To treat tapeworm
Gossypium barbadense L.	Tite	Malvaceae	H	C	S	D	Burn dried seed at home	Sniffing	Smoking	Nasal	To repel snake
Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)	Keye Teff	Poaceae	H	C	S	D; D; D	The seed is ground by a local or traditional grinder and then baked as injera and eaten; Prepare gruel (atemit) with a mixture of teff and barley flour and drink it; Prepare the dough, filter the sour part of the dough, and then drink it	Eating; Drinking; Drinking	Powdering; Powdering; Powdering	Oral; Oral; Oral	Acute diarrhea; Gastritis; Snakebite
Asparagus africanus Lam.	Serti	Asparagaceae	C	W	L	F	The leaves are mixed with Zehneria scabra leaves and pounded and applied on the affected parts	Painting	Pounding	Dermal	Yegedegedewa
Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen	Etse menahi	Polygalaceae	H	W	R	F	Chew the root and swallow	Swallowing	Chewing	Oral	Evil eye
Clematis hirsuta Perr.	Azohareg	Ranunculaceae	C	W	L	F	Pounded the leaves and tied them to the affected part	Painting	Pounding	Dermal	Yegedegedewa
Jasminum abyssinicum Hochest. Ex DC.	Tenbelele	Oleaceae	S	W	L	F	Pounded the leaves and drank	Drinking	Pounding	Oral	Koso and ascaris
Sorghum spp	Zegada	Poaceae	H	C	S	D	Roasted the seed and ground, the powder mixed with water and boiled, and finally drunk	Drinking	Powdering	Oral	Constipation
Sesamum indicum	Selit	Pedaliaceae	H	C	S	D	Pound the roasted seed and boil and then drink; Pound the mixture of roasted Sesamum indicum and Trigonella foenum-graecum seed and then apply on the affected parts	Drinking; Put on	Boiling; Pounding	Oral; Dermal	Common cold; Bone breakage
Glinus lotoides L. var lotoides	Metere	Molluginaceae	C	W	Ba	D	Powdered the dried bark and mixed with the roasted seed of Guizotia abyssinica, and finally eaten with Kita (thin bread)	Eating	Powdering	Oral	Koso
Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmel.	Qulqual	Euphorbiaceae	T	W	Latex	F	Heated the latex and bark together and tied them to the affected parts	Put on	Heating	Dermal	Kintarote
Eleusine floccifolia	Akirma	Poaceae	H	W	S	F	Chewing the flower and seed together and then applying on the affected part	Painting	Chewing	Dermal	When snake looks (ebach)
Otostegia integrifolia	Tenjute	Lamiaceae	S	C	Wp	D	Powdered the dried leaves and then fumigated. Sometimes mixed with other plants; Pound the leaves and drink	Fumigating; Drinking	Powdering; Pounding	Nasal; Oral	Mitch; Ascarid
Becium grandiflorum (Lam.) hirsuta Perr.	Matosh	Lamiaceae	S	W	L	F	Pound the leaves and attached them to the affected part	Put on	Pounding	Dermal	Yegedegedewa (spider disease)
Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) T. Anders.	Sensel	Acanthaceae	S	Roadside	L and R	F	Pound leaves and root and drank; The leaves are mixed with Croton macrostachyus and pounded and then drunk with a small amount of one cup unless it kills	Drinking; Drinking	Pounding; Pounding	Oral; Oral	Malaria, diarrhea, and headache; Jaundice
Brucea antidysenterica J. F.	Chefa kitel	Simaroubaceae	S	W	S	F	Pound the seed together with the leaves of fafugn and then rub them on the affected part for 3 to 4 days with a less amount because it is highly irritated	Rubbing	Pounding	Dermal	Body rash
Plantago lanceolata L.	Yekura wosefa	Plantaginaceae	H	W	L	F	Fresh leaves crushed and attached to affected parts	Put on	Pounding	Dermal	Wound
Berassica nigera	Senafich	Brassicaceae	H	Cu	S	D	Boiled the powder and then mixed with lemon and germinated Vicia faba	Eating	Powdering	Oral	Common cold
Albizia anthelmintica Brongn.	Musena	Fabaceae	S	W	Ba	D	The bark is dried and powdered, then mixed with roasted Guizotia abyssinica, and finally eaten with Kita (thin bread)	Eating	Powdering	Oral	Tapeworm Taeniasis
Gomphocarpus purpurascens A. Rich.	Tefrindo	Asclepiadaceae	H	W	R	D	The root is chopped and dried (the plant is not allowed to enter into house) Then mix with clean teff (keye teff) , grind the mixture with a traditional grinder, bake it like injera, cut the one injera in seven equal parts and roll all individual, and give to all seven rolled injera to eat for a eight months pregnant female	Eating	Powdering	Oral	Shotelaye
Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & Wood	Alashume	Asteraceae	S	W	L	F	Chopped the leaves and pounded and drank it	Drinking	Pounding	Oral	Stomachache
Laggera tomentosa	Chese nedede	Asteraceae	H	W	L	F	Chopped the leaves and pounded and drank it	Drinking	Pounding	Oral	Ascaris
Andrachne aspera	Etse tekeza	Euphorbiaceae	H	W	R	D	Powdered the dried root and fumigated it	Fumigating	Powdering	Nasal	Evil eye
Osyris quadripartita Dec.	Kert	Santslaceae	S	W	R	D	Dried and powdered and then smoked it	Fumigating	Smoking	Nasal	Evil eye
Solanum nigrum L.	Tekur awute	Solanaceae	H	W	L	F	Crushed and tied at the problematic part	Put on	Pounding	Dermal	Insect allergy
Dodonaea angustifolia L. f.	Kitikita	Sapindaceae	S	W	L	F	Burn or heat the leaves and then attach them to the affected body part	Put on	Heating	Dermal	A wound caused by fire burn
Polygala rupicola A.	Etselebona	Polygalaceae	S	W	R	F	Chewing the root and swallowing the liquid part	Swallowing	Chewing	Oral	Snakebite
Sida Schimperiana Hochst. A. Rich.	Chefereg	Malvaceae	S	W	L	D	Powdered the crushed root and then sniffed after burning	Fumigating	Smoking	Nasal	Evil eye
Artemisia absinthium L.	Areti	Asteraceae	H	W	L	F	The roots were crushed and powdered and then sniffed	Fumigating	Pounding	Nasal	Evil eye
Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Dill. Quart.-Dill & A. Rich	Serabizu	Ranunculaceae	S	W	R	D	The roots were crushed and powdered and then sniffed	Fumigating	Rushing	Nasal	Evil eye
Pennisetum sphacelatum’ (Nees) Th. Dur. and Schinz	Sededo	Poaceae	H	W	R	D	The root of Verbascum sinaiticum, Aloe pulcherrima, and Eleusine floccifolia is cut into three equal parts and then keep all in the skin of a goat and hang on the neck	Put on	Cutting	Dermal	Shotelaye
Tragia cinerea (Fax.)	Alleblabit	Euphorbiaceae	H	W	R	F	Chewing the root and swallowing the liquid and putting in teeth	Swallowing	Chewing	Oral	Impotency
Chenopodium murale L.	Yekusel ketil	Amaranthaceae	H	W and C	L	F	Pounded the leaves and then tied on wounds	Put on	Pounding	Dermal	Wound
Actiniopteris semiflabellata	Letef eshok	Pteridaceae	H	W	R	D	The root is crushed and kept in cloth and then tied to the center of the stomach by cotton rope; The root is crushed and applied to the affected boy part	Put on; Put on	Crushing; Crushing	Dermal; Dermal	Diarrhea for child; A wound caused by venom
Hyperthelia dissuluta	Nech sar	Poaceae	H	W	R	F	The root of Verbascum sinaiticum, Aloe pulcherrima, and Eleusine floccifolia is cut into three equal parts and then keep all in the skin of a goat and hang on the neck	Put on neck	Cutting	Dermal	Shotelaye
Myrica salicifolia A. Rich.	Shinet	Myricaceae	T	W	R	D	Dried and powdered then smoke it	Fumigating	Powdering	Nasal	Evil eye
Otostegia fruticosa	Geram tunjit	Lamiaceae	S	W	L	F	Pound the leaves and mixed them with water and drank	Drinking	Pounding	Oral	Ascariasis
Dichrostachys cinerea	Ader	Fabaceae	S	W	L	F	Crushed, squeezed, and rubbed on affected parts	Painting	Pounding	Dermal	Skin allergy caused by spider-like insect
Pisum sativum	Ater	Fabaceae	H	C	S	D	Boiled the seed and kept in ventilated cloth and inhaled it through the mouth and nose	Sniffing	Boiling	Nasal and oral	Common cold
Trichodesma zeylanicum (Brum.f.) R. Br.	Etse hiwote	Boraginaceae	H	W	R	F	Pounded the fresh root and mixed with water and drank	Drinking	Pounding	Oral	Stomach parasite
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq.	Mekemeko	Polygonaceae	H	W	R	F	Pound the root of Rumex abyssinicus and leaves of Inula confertiflora and then paint the affected body part with seven lemons for seven days	Painting	Pounding	Dermal	Skin disease kuakucha

Habitat (H: herb, T: tree, S: shrub, C: climber); habitat (C: cultivated, W: wild); part used (Bu: bulb, Ba: bark, F: fruit, L: leaf, R: root, S: seed, Wp: whole part); cocondition of preparation (F: fresh, D: dry).