Research Article
Blind Image Watermarking Based on Adaptive Data Spreading in n-Level DWT Subbands
Table 3
Experimental results for image types and attacks.
| Attacks | 512×512 | 1,024×1,024 | 640×480 | 1,280×960 | 1,920×1,080 | 3,840×2,160 | PSNR | NCC | PSNR | NCC | PSNR | NCC | PSNR | NCC | PSNR | NCC | PSNR | NCC |
| Only watermarked | 43.79 | 1.0000 | 42.70 | 1.0000 | 43.26 | 1.0000 | 42.90 | 1.0000 | 42.35 | 1.0000 | 42.66 | 1.0000 |
| JPEG quality to 100 | 100 | 42.27 | 1.0000 | 48.05 | 1.0000 | 44.17 | 1.0000 | 46.64 | 1.0000 | 47.64 | 1.0000 | 48.46 | 1.0000 | 80 | 34.92 | 0.9992 | 36.36 | 1.0000 | 34.75 | 0.9996 | 35.72 | 1.0000 | 37.83 | 1.0000 | 38.21 | 1.0000 | 60 | 32.88 | 0.9200 | 33.98 | 0.9996 | 32.32 | 0.9493 | 33.42 | 1.0000 | 35.06 | 0.9998 | 35.85 | 1.0000 | 40 | 31.54 | 0.6433 | 32.45 | 0.9856 | 30.38 | 0.6728 | 31.92 | 0.9960 | 33.26 | 0.9992 | 34.29 | 1.0000 |
| Gaussian noise | 0.5% | 48.56 | 1.0000 | 50.53 | 1.0000 | 50.48 | 1.0000 | 50.53 | 1.0000 | 50.52 | 1.0000 | 50.53 | 1.0000 | 1% | 38.26 | 0.9963 | 39.22 | 1.0000 | 39.17 | 1.0000 | 39.13 | 1.0000 | 39.10 | 1.0000 | 39.17 | 1.0000 | 2% | 33.83 | 0.8447 | 34.33 | 0.9990 | 34.38 | 0.9264 | 34.41 | 1.0000 | 34.32 | 0.9996 | 34.34 | 1.0000 |
| Salt & pepper noise 1% | 40.57 | 1.0000 | 41.65 | 1.0000 | 41.65 | 1.0000 | 41.36 | 1.0000 | 41.67 | 1.0000 | 41.66 | 1.0000 |
| Median filtering | 3×3 | 32.68 | 0.9867 | 34.08 | 0.9985 | 31.97 | 0.9485 | 32.86 | 0.9896 | 35.80 | 0.9944 | 37.46 | 0.9987 | 5×5 | 29.65 | 0.8981 | 30.15 | 0.9494 | 28.71 | 0.7592 | 29.02 | 0.8870 | 31.20 | 0.9587 | 33.16 | 0.9789 | 7×7 | 27.99 | 0.6943 | 28.26 | 0.8356 | 27.06 | 0.5560 | 27.38 | 0.8084 | 29.09 | 0.9009 | 31.07 | 0.9332 |
| Average filtering | 3×3 | 31.50 | 0.9583 | 32.74 | 0.9981 | 30.98 | 0.9328 | 31.85 | 0.9877 | 34.49 | 0.9977 | 36.00 | 0.9996 | 5×5 | 28.58 | 0.8023 | 29.10 | 0.9169 | 27.77 | 0.6800 | 28.34 | 0.8684 | 30.28 | 0.9624 | 31.94 | 0.9977 |
| Gaussian filtering 3×3 | 33.64 | 0.9958 | 34.87 | 0.9998 | 33.01 | 0.9842 | 33.97 | 0.9996 | 36.64 | 1.0000 | 38.26 | 1.0000 |
| Sharpening | 32.96 | 0.9981 | 34.09 | 1.0000 | 31.98 | 0.9940 | 33.18 | 1.0000 | 35.88 | 0.9940 | 37.61 | 1.0000 |
| Histogram equal. | 16.01 | 0.7665 | 14.94 | 0.6763 | 15.31 | 0.7669 | 16.70 | 0.6957 | 15.03 | 0.4073 | 15.70 | 0.2854 |
| Contrast (-20) | 28.22 | 1.0000 | 26.72 | 0.9998 | 26.93 | 1.0000 | 27.65 | 0.9994 | 27.35 | 0.9838 | 26.22 | 0.9942 |
| Scaling to | 2 | 44.02 | 1.0000 | 47.15 | 1.0000 | 44.47 | 1.0000 | 46.31 | 1.0000 | 50.01 | 1.0000 | 50.86 | 1.0000 | 1.8 | 44.11 | 1.0000 | 47.36 | 1.0000 | 44.56 | 1.0000 | 46.53 | 1.0000 | 50.04 | 1.0000 | 51.48 | 1.0000 | 1.5 | 44.05 | 1.0000 | 47.19 | 1.0000 | 44.49 | 1.0000 | 46.40 | 1.0000 | 50.04 | 1.0000 | 51.05 | 1.0000 | 0.8 | 37.22 | 1.0000 | 39.82 | 1.0000 | 37.19 | 0.9996 | 38.91 | 1.0000 | 42.80 | 1.0000 | 43.62 | 1.0000 | 0.5 | 32.32 | 0.9985 | 33.82 | 1.0000 | 31.97 | 0.9908 | 32.88 | 1.0000 | 35.83 | 1.0000 | 37.29 | 1.0000 | 0.25 | 28.19 | 0.6675 | 28.91 | 0.9609 | 27.60 | 0.5568 | 28.21 | 0.9190 | 30.01 | 0.9856 | 31.79 | 0.9996 |
| Cropping 25% | 12.03 | 0.9254 | 13.24 | 0.8491 | 13.33 | 0.8474 | 13.09 | 0.8157 | 12.80 | 0.7253 | 11.75 | 0.6864 |
| Rotation (restored) | 90° | 29.35 | 1.0000 | 37.64 | 1.0000 | 14.52 | 0.8232 | 13.13 | 0.7870 | 10.51 | 0.4635 | 10.82 | 0.5320 | 60° | 37.08 | 0.9475 | 16.00 | 0.9738 | 15.01 | 0.9354 | 13.98 | 0.9274 | 11.31 | 0.6265 | 11.58 | 0.6605 | 45° | 13.35 | 0.9396 | 15.67 | 0.9622 | 15.08 | 0.9332 | 14.08 | 0.9318 | 12.41 | 0.7535 | 12.54 | 0.7688 | 30° | 12.87 | 0.9368 | 16.30 | 0.9795 | 15.60 | 0.9593 | 14.88 | 0.9690 | 13.56 | 0.7930 | 13.83 | 0.8648 |
| Rotation (unrestored) | 0.1° | 13.27 | 0.9881 | 29.73 | 0.9346 | 33.27 | 0.9656 | 28.61 | 0.9190 | 28.14 | 0.8392 | 26.18 | 0.8381 | 0.2° | 29.35 | 0.9118 | 25.27 | 0.7578 | 27.54 | 0.8062 | 24.47 | 0.7409 | 24.25 | 0.5798 | 23.19 | 0.6643 |
| Average | 31.45 | 0.8558 | 32.64 | 0.9272 | 30.87 | 0.8405 | 31.33 | 0.9116 | 32.54 | 0.8926 | 33.10 | 0.9114 |
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