The Epidemiology of Sleep Quality, Sleep Patterns, Consumption of Caffeinated Beverages, and Khat Use among Ethiopian College Students
Table 2
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) subscales by sex.
Characteristic
All **N = 2,230
Male **N = 1,700
Female **N = 499
P value
n (%)
n (%)
n (%)
Sleep duration (hours)
≤6.0
979 (44.0)
718 (42.3)
245 (49.2)
0.024
6.1–7.0
409 (18.4)
311 (18.4)
91 (18.3)
7.1–8.0
516 (23.2)
414 (24.4)
95 (19.1)
≥8.1
321 (14.4)
253 (14.9)
67 (13.4)
Sleep latency (minutes)
≤15
407 (18.2)
292 (17.2)
109 (21.8)
0.117
16–30
741 (33.2)
573 (33.7)
157 (31.5)
31–60
818 (36.7)
633 (37.2)
173 (34.7)
≥60
264 (11.9)
202 (11.9)
60 (12.0)
Day dysfunction due to sleep
Never
416 (18.6)
329 (19.4)
82 (16.4)
0.090
<once a week
1,141 (51.2)
881 (51.8)
247 (49.5)
1-2 times per week
544 (24.4)
398 (23.4)
133 (26.7)
≥3 times per week
129 (5.8)
92 (5.4)
37 (7.4)
Sleep efficiency (%)
≥85
1,555 (69.7)
1,178 (69.3)
358 (71.8)
0.695
75–84
323 (14.5)
252 (14.8)
66 (13.2)
65–74
158 (7.1)
117 (6.9)
35 (7.0)
<65
194 (8.7)
153 (9.0)
40 (8.0)
Sleep medicine during past month
Never
2,040 (91.5)
1,550 (91.2)
462 (92.6)
0.356
<once a week
116 (5.2)
91 (5.4)
23 (4.6)
1-2 times per week
57 (2.5)
43 (2.5)
13 (2.6)
≥3 times per week
17 (0.8)
16 (0.9)
1 (0.2)
Sleep quality
No
1,055 (47.3)
820 (48.2)
220 (44.1)
0.103
Yes
1,175 (52.7)
880 (51.8)
279 (55.9)
P value from Chi-square test for categorical variables or from Student’s t-test for continuous variables.
**Numbers may not add up due to missing data for selected variables.
