Rising Prevalence and Neighborhood, Social, and Behavioral Determinants of Sleep Problems in US Children and Adolescents, 2003–2012
Table 3
Weighted prevalence of sleep problems among US children aged 6–17 by neighborhood, sociodemographic, and behavioral characteristics: the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health ( = 63,352).
Sociobehavioral characteristic
Less than 5 days/week of adequate sleep
Less than 7 days/week of adequate sleep
%
SE
value
%
SE
value
Index of neighborhood socioeconomic conditions
<0.001
0.282
20.78–67.09 (least favorable)
16.20
1.16
38.20
1.70
67.10–88.32
15.46
1.37
37.80
1.96
88.33–104.99
15.77
0.85
35.44
1.08
105.00–111.40 (most favorable)
12.10
0.38
35.32
0.57
Neighborhood safety
<0.001
0.588
Safe
12.87
0.34
35.89
0.50
Unsafe
16.62
1.01
35.10
1.36
Presence of garbage/litter in neighborhood
<0.001
<0.001
Yes
16.41
0.88
39.33
1.17
No
12.77
0.35
35.07
0.51
Poorly kept or dilapidated/rundown housing in neighborhood
0.005
0.083
Yes
15.68
0.91
37.76
1.27
No
12.95
0.35
35.41
0.51
Vandalism such as broken windows or graffiti in neighborhood
0.030
0.192
Yes
15.58
1.10
37.68
1.58
No
13.08
0.34
35.52
0.49
Index of neighborhood built environment
0.049
0.575
46.40–67.04 (low amenities)
15.68
1.32
35.66
1.78
67.05–81.39
14.68
0.88
37.32
1.21
81.40–104.99
13.53
0.56
36.03
0.81
105.00–116.40 (high amenities)
12.61
0.48
35.38
0.7
Neighborhood access to sidewalks or walking paths
0.500
0.985
Yes
13.22
0.40
35.76
0.58
No
13.68
0.56
35.78
0.79
Neighborhood access to parks or playgrounds
0.009
0.025
Yes
12.90
0.35
35.18
0.52
No
15.22
0.81
37.85
1.06
Neighborhood access to a recreation or community center
0.120
0.557
Yes
13.02
0.40
36.03
0.58
No
14.10
0.57
35.45
0.80
Neighborhood access to a library or bookmobile
0.031
0.743
Yes
13.06
0.34
35.90
0.50
No
15.39
1.03
35.41
1.39
Child’s age (years)
<0.001
<0.001
6–8
6.68
0.43
26.06
0.89
9–11
9.03
0.64
29.13
0.92
12–14
14.53
0.68
40.08
0.94
15–17
22.71
0.76
46.83
0.95
Child’s sex
0.067
0.595
Male
12.75
0.44
35.45
0.65
Female
13.94
0.48
35.94
0.68
Race/ethnicity
0.040
<0.001
Non-Hispanic white
13.80
0.39
39.40
0.55
Non-Hispanic black
15.31
0.85
32.75
1.11
Hispanic
10.82
0.92
28.54
1.39
American Indian/Alaska native
13.12
2.55
32.09
3.41
Asian
12.04
2.13
26.96
2.94
Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
13.90
3.92
36.17
7.86
Non-Hispanic mixed race
12.70
1.27
38.66
2.46
Other
12.32
2.40
29.01
3.02
Child's nativity/immigrant status
<0.001
<0.001
Born to immigrant parents
10.33
0.79
27.08
1.2
Born to US-born parents
14.04
0.35
37.71
0.49
Household composition
<0.001
0.585
Two-parent biological
12.15
0.37
35.38
0.58
Two-parent stepfamily
13.77
0.98
35.55
1.57
Single mother
17.33
0.89
36.99
1.05
Other family type
12.12
1.25
35.03
1.84
Place of residence
0.102
0.064
Metropolitan
13.50
0.37
35.39
0.53
Non-metropolitan
12.46
0.52
37.24
0.84
Household poverty status (ratio of family income to poverty threshold)
0.494
<0.001
Below 100%
13.43
0.85
30.32
1.14
100%–199%
12.94
0.76
32.29
1.06
200%–399%
12.88
0.59
37.09
0.86
At or above 400%
14.03
0.55
39.55
0.81
Highest household or parental education level (years)
0.964
<0.001
<12
13.09
1.26
30.57
1.82
12
13.73
0.77
34.29
1.07
13–15
13.40
0.60
34.94
0.88
16+
13.31
0.47
38.52
0.69
Television watching (number of hours per day)
<0.001
0.996
<1
12.45
0.65
36.02
1.04
1
12.64
0.61
35.82
0.87
2
12.62
0.63
35.76
0.87
>2
16.12
0.73
35.67
1.01
Recreational computer use (number of hours per day)
<0.001
<0.001
<1
9.93
0.38
32.33
0.63
1-2
15.89
0.60
39.03
0.79
>2
20.93
1.17
43.05
1.59
Physical activity (number of days per week)
<0.001
<0.001
0
18.77
1.14
37.83
1.55
1-2
18.13
1.17
40.65
1.42
3-4
12.76
0.57
36.24
0.90
5+
11.27
0.41
33.79
0.64
Secondhand smoke exposure
<0.001
0.042
Yes
17.88
1.07
38.76
1.43
No
12.90
0.34
35.43
0.50
values associated with chi-square tests for independence between each covariate and sleep problems. Both neighborhood indices have a mean score of 100 and a standard deviation of 20.
