Association between Sleep Disturbances and Leisure Activities in the Elderly: A Comparison between Men and Women

Table 1

The leisure activities presented as clusters and individual activities and their association with sleep disturbances.

Cluster of leisure activities	Individual leisure activities	Correlation with sleep disturbances		P value
		Group level	Individual level	Group level	Individual level
Physical outdoor activities		−0.223		<0.001
	Exercise		−0.095		0.007
	Gardening		−0.167		<0.001
	Strolling in the country		−0.174		<0.001
	Picking berries		−0.140		<0.001
	Hunting and fishing		−0.121		0.001
Sociointellectual activities		−0.248		<0.001
	Home maintenance		−0.215		<0.001
	Repairing cars/machines		−0.193		<0.001
	Playing chess/cards		−0.108		0.002
	Using/surfing the Internet/playing computer games		−0.129		<0.001
Creative activities		0.047		0.165
	Knitting, weaving, or sewing		−0.090		0.010
	Playing an instrument		−0.040		0.286
	Painting, drawing, or pottery		−0.012		0.832
Cultural activities		−0.005		0.888
	Reading a daily paper		−0.060		0.125
	Reading magazines/journals		−0.023		0.560
	Reading books		−0.014		0.751
	Watching TV		−0.026		0.578
	Listening to music		−0.024		0.562

Note: correlations between clusters and individual leisure activities were calculated using Spearman's RHO and Pearson's Chi-squared test.