Association between Sleep Disturbances and Leisure Activities in the Elderly: A Comparison between Men and Women

Table 3

Leisure activities, age, gender, general health, functional status, mood, cognition, sleep duration, and sleep medication among good and poor sleepers in the total sample. Percentages are in brackets, significant values in bold.

	Good sleepers; 0–3 sleep disturbances; 𝑛=664	Poor sleepers; ≥4 sleep disturbances; 𝑛=220	𝜒^2 value	df	P value	Missing data (n)
Leisure activities
Exercise	498 (76.9)	144 (67.3)	7.2	1	0.007 ^2	83
Gardening	491 (74.5)	125 (56.8)	23.8	1	<0.001 ^2	5
Strolling in the country	515 (78.1)	133 (60.5)	25.7	1	<0.001 ^2	5
Picking berries	373 (56.6)	89 (40.5)	16.6	1	<0.001 ^2	5
Hunting and fishing	117 (17.8)	17 (7.7)	12.1	1	0.001 ^2	5
Knitting, weaving, or sewing	202 (30.7)	89 (40.5)	6.7	1	0.010 ^2	5
Playing an instrument	93 (14.0)	24 (10.9)	1.1	1	0.286^2	1
Painting, drawing, or pottery	59 (9.0)	18 (8.2)	0.0	1	0.125^2	5
Home maintenance	376 (57.1)	71 (32.3)	39.5	1	<0.001 ^2	5
Repairing cars/machines	200 (30.3)	24 (10.9)	31.8	1	<0.001 ^2	5
Playing chess/cards	197 (29.7)	41 (18.6)	9.7	1	0.002 ^2	1
Using/surfing the Internet/playing computer games	290 (43.7)	64 (29.1)	14.2	1	<0.001 ^2	1
Reading a daily paper	648 (97.7)	210 (95.5)	2.4	1	0.648^2	1
Reading magazines/journals	573 (86.4)	186 (84.5)	0.3	1	0.56^2	1
Reading books	485 (73.2)	164 (74.5)	0.1	1	0.751^2	1
Watching TV	643 (97.0)	211 (95.9)	0.3	1	0.578^2	1
Listening to music	593 (89.4)	193 (87.7)	0.3	1	0.562^2	1
Age cohorts			29.5	2	<0.001 ^1	61
Retirement age (60- and 66-year-olds)	289 (43.5)	61 (27.7)
72- and 78-year-olds	212 (31.9)	65 (29.5)
≥81-year-olds	163 (24.5)	94 (42.7)
Gender			45.9	1	<0.001 ^2	61
Women	322 (48.5)	165 (75.0)
Men	342 (51.5)	55 (25.0)
General health			91.9	2	<0.001 ^1	69
Poor/fair	180 (27.4)	131 (59.8)
Good	202 (30.7)	62 (28.3)
Very good/excellent	275 (41.9)	26 (11.9)
Functional status			31.8	1	<0.001 ^2	64
Independent	551 (83.4)	144 (65.5)
Dependent on 1–5 activities	110 (16.6)	76 (34.5)
Mood (below/over median = 1)			31.0	1	<0.001 ^2	83
Low	315 (48.9)	154 (70.6)
High	329 (51.1)	64 (29.4)
Cognition			0.230	1	0.631^2	66
<24 MMSE	43 (6.5)	17 (7.8)
≥24 MMSE	617 (93.5)	202 (92.2)
Sleep duration (hours)			114.8	2	<0.001 ^1	163
Short sleep ≤5 h	36 (6.2)	75 (36.6)
Normal sleep 6–9 h	530 (91.9)	126 (61.5)
Long sleep ≥10 h	11 (1.9)	4 (2.0)
Prescribed sleep medication			217.6	4	<0.001 ^1	63
Never	578 (87.3)	93 (42.3)
Sometimes per month	47 (7.1)	29 (13.2)
Several times per month	4 (0.6)	7 (3.2)
Sometimes per week	7 (1.1)	32 (14.5)
Every night	26 (3.9)	59 (26.8)

Note: ¹Pearson's 𝜒² test, ²Yates' continuity correction.