Association between Sleep Disturbances and Leisure Activities in the Elderly: A Comparison between Men and Women

Table 5

Individual leisure activities associated with sleep disturbances, with and without adjusting for confounders.

	Model 2a			Model 2b
	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Gardening	1.45	1.00–2.08	0.048
Strolling in the country	1.47	1.01–2.14	0.046
Home maintenance	1.60	1.08–2.39	0.020
Repairing cars/machines	2.20	1.28–3.77	0.004
Playing chess/cards	1.69	1.13–2.52	0.011	1.54	1.01–2.35	0.046
Gender (women)				3.06	2.11–4.43	<0.001
Age cohorts						0.019
72- and 78-year-olds				0.91	0.59–1.41	0.666
81 years or older				1.60	1.04–2.47	0.034
General health						<0.001
Good				3.33	1.99–5.58	<0.001
Poor/fair				6.82	4.14–11.22	<0.001

Note: in Model 2a exercise, gardening, strolling in the country, picking berries, hunting/fishing, home maintenance, repairing cars/machines, knitting/weaving/sewing, playing chess/cards, and using/surfing the Internet/playing computer games were entered. The model explained 8.2% (Cox and Snell 𝑅²) to 12.1% (Nagelkerke 𝑅²) of the variance, Hosmer and Lemeshow 0.563, chi-square 6.670 (df 8), missing 𝑛=85. Model 2b included exercise, gardening, strolling in the country, picking berries, hunting/fishing, home maintenance, repairing cars/machines, knitting/weaving/sewing, playing chess/cards, and using/surfing the Internet/playing computer games and was adjusted for gender, functional ability, mood, general health, and age. The model explained between 16.5% (Cox and Snell 𝑅²) and 24.4% (Nagelkerke 𝑅²) of the variance, Hosmer and Lemeshow 0.260, chi-square 10.078 (df 8), missing 𝑛=111. Only the last step of the regression analyses is shown in the table.