The Association between Psychological Distress and Self-Reported Sleep Duration in a Population-Based Sample of Women and Men

Table 3

Crude and adjusted associations between three forms of psychological distress and long sleep duration among adults aged ≥18 years in 5 states: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2013.

Independent variables	Long sleep duration (≥9 hours)
	All		Women		Men
	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted
	PR (95% CI)	PR (95% CI)	PR (95% CI)	PR (95% CI)	PR (95% CI)	PR (95% CI)
Model 1: Serious psychological distress	1.73 (1.34, 2.22)	1.39 (1.08, 1.79)	1.64 (1.18, 2.27)	1.37 (1.00, 1.86)	1.78 (1.24, 2.55)	1.43 (0.96, 2.16)
Model 2: K6 category
0	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
1-2	0.93 (0.80, 1.07)	0.93 (0.80, 1.07)	0.90 (0.75, 1.08)	0.88 (0.74, 1.06)	0.93 (0.74, 1.18)	0.99 (0.78, 1.25)
3–5	1.02 (0.85, 1.21)	1.00 (0.837, 1.193)	1.11 (0.91, 1.36)	1.07 (0.87, 1.32)	0.87 (0.64, 1.18)	0.92 (0.68, 1.24)
6–10	1.14 (0.94, 1.38)	1.04 (0.852, 1.278)	1.05 (0.84, 1.31)	0.96 (0.76, 1.20)	1.23 (0.88, 1.72)	1.21 (0.86, 1.72)
11+	1.52 (1.22, 1.90)	1.22 (0.969, 1.543)	1.52 (1.14, 2.02)	1.25 (0.94, 1.65)	1.43 (1.03, 1.99)	1.21 (0.83, 1.78)
Model 3: Scale measure of psychological distress	1.03 (1.02, 1.04)	1.02 (1.00, 1.03)	1.03 (1.01, 1.05)	1.02 (1.00, 1.03)	1.03 (1.01, 1.05)	1.02 (0.99, 1.04)

Note. CI = confidence interval; PR = prevalence ratio.
Model 1 examined psychological distress dichotomized (serious/no serious psychological distress), Model 2 examined psychological distress categorized, and Model 3 examined the scale measure of psychological distress (0–24). Age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, educational attainment, annual household income, employment, and health insurance coverage are included in all adjusted models. Gender is excluded from the stratified models.