Residual Effects of Sleep Medications Are Commonly Reported and Associated with Impaired Patient-Reported Outcomes among Insomnia Patients in the United States
Table 2
Respondent characteristics by presence of residual symptoms.
Residual symptoms
value
None ()
One or more (,274)
%
%
Age (Mean, SD)
54.1
12.7
51.5
12.6
0.001
Female
259
78.2%
1001
78.6%
0.898
Non-white
40
12.1%
163
12.8%
0.729
College degree
227
68.6%
862
67.7%
0.750
Annual household income
0.032
Below $25k
73
22.1%
283
22.2%
$25–<50k
71
21.5%
326
25.6%
$50–<75k
52
15.7%
229
18.0%
$75 k and above
106
32.0%
375
29.4%
Decline to answer
29
8.8%
61
4.8%
Employed
153
46.2%
625
49.1%
0.358
BMI (Mean, SD)
27.1
6.8
28.0
6.6
0.048
CCI (Mean, SD)
0.60
1.11
0.77
1.36
0.032
Alcohol use
224
67.7%
826
64.8%
0.333
Current smoker
75
22.7%
312
24.5%
0.488
Exercise in previous month
207
62.5%
811
63.7%
0.706
Self-report psychiatric diagnoses
Alcoholism
7
2.1%
53
4.2%
0.081
GAD or SAD
72
21.8%
438
34.4%
<0.001
Depression
128
38.7%
674
52.9%
<0.001
Schizophrenia
23
6.9%
146
11.5%
0.017
Bipolar disorder
26
7.9%
144
11.3%
0.069
Fibromyalgia
31
9.4%
190
14.9%
0.009
Diagnosing doctor for insomnia
0.002
General Practitioner/Family Practitioner/Internist
240
72.5%
835
65.5%
Psychiatrist
50
15.1%
308
24.2%
Sleep Specialist
21
6.3%
82
6.4%
Other
20
6.0%
49
3.8%
Prescribing doctor
0.005
General Practitioner/Family Practitioner/Internist
246
74.3%
886
69.5%
Psychiatrist
54
16.3%
309
24.3%
Sleep Specialist
11
3.3%
22
1.7%
Other
20
6.0%
57
4.5%
Note: indicates Welch’s test was used in lieu of parametric -test due to nonhomogeneity of variance.
