Evaluation of Spontaneous Pneumothorax Surgeries: A 16-Year Experience in Japan

Table 1

Baseline characteristics.

Characteristic	Open thoracotomy; ()	Thoracoscopic bullectomy; ()	Thoracoscopic loop ligation; ()
Age (range, years)
Males	15–87	14–78	14–91
Females	17–78	17–47	14–78
Sex, (%)
Males	131 (91.61)	100 (89.29)	582 (88.45)
Females	12 (8.39)	12 (10.71)	76 (11.55)
Number of bullae (mean min., max.)	1.154 1, 6	1.518 1, 6	1.123 1, 4
Emphysema, (%)	40 (27.97)	12 (10.71)	47 (7.14)

: number of sides operated upon.