|
| (1) General |
|
| (a) Dehydration |
| (b) Infection |
| (c) Fever |
| (d) Hypoxic-ischemic injury |
| (e) Post lumbar puncture |
|
| (2) Head and neck infections |
|
| (a) Otitis media and mastoiditis |
| (b) Meningitis |
| (c) Sinusitis |
| (d) Upper respiratory tract infection |
|
| (3) Other head and neck disorders |
|
| (a) Head injury |
| (b) Post intracranial surgery |
| (c) Hydrocephalus (±ventriculoperitoneal shunt) |
|
| (4) Anemia |
|
| (a) Iron deficiency |
| (b) Sickle cell disease |
| (c) Thalassemia |
| (d) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
| (e) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria |
|
| (5) Autoimmune disorders |
|
| (a) Behçet disease |
| (b) Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| (c) Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome |
| (d) Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease) |
| (e) Thyrotoxicosis |
| (f) Cushing syndrome |
| (g) Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura |
|
| (6) Malignancy |
|
| (a) Leukemia |
| (b) Lymphoma |
| (c) Central nervous system tumors |
|
| (7) Cardiac disease |
|
| (a) Cyanotic congenital heart disease |
| (b) Post-operative |
| (c) Postcatheterization |
|
| (8) Renal disease |
|
| (a) Nephrotic syndrome |
| (b) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome |
|
| (9) Drugs |
|
| (a) L-Asparaginase |
| (b) Oral contraceptives |
| (c) Corticosteroids |
| (d) Epoetin-α |
|
| (10) Chromosomal disorders |
|
| (a) Down syndrome |
|
| (11) Metabolic conditions |
|
| (a) Diabetic ketoacidosis |
| (b) Homocystinuria |
|