Table 2: Coagulation abnormalities noted in cases of pediatric DKA with stroke and in studies of DKA-associated coagulopathy in adults and children. Pretreatment abnormalities include those noted prior to resolution of biochemical abnormalities. Posttreatment abnormalities include those noted after resolution of biochemical abnormalities.

Factor Parameter Pre-treatment abnormality Post-treatment abnormality Pediatric versus adult study Relevant references Platelet count √ √ pediatric [5, 14, 20, 23, 33] aggregation/ activity √ √ pediatric, adult [5, 35, 39] Thromboxane B2 production √ pediatric [14] Prothrombin time √ pediatric [33] Partial thromboplastin time levels √ pediatric [33] Tissue Factor levels √ adult [40] vWF antigen level √ √ pediatric [14, 41] activity √ pediatric [41] Factor VIII-vWF complex levels √ pediatric [14] Factor V levels √ pediatric [5] Factor VII levels √ pediatric [5] Factor VIII levels √ pediatric [5] Homocysteine levels √ pediatric [41] Folate levels √ pediatric [41] Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 levels √ √ adult [35] Thrombin-antithrombin III complex levels √ √ adult [35] Antithrombin III levels and activity √ √ pediatric, adult [5, 20, 33, 35] Protein C activity √ pediatric [41] antigen level √ √ pediatric [14, 18, 41] Protein S Free protein level √ pediatric [42] Thrombomodulin levels √ √ adult [35] tPA activity √ adult [35, 40] antigen level √ √ adult [35, 40] PAI-1 activity √ adult [35, 40] antigen level √ √ adult [35, 40]

vWF: von Willebrand Factor; tPA: tissue plasminogen activator; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.