Copyright © 2011 Manjari Tripathi and Deepti Vibha. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

1. WHO, “Stroke, Cerebrovascular accident,” August 2010, http://www.who.int/topics/cerebrovascular_accident/en/.
2. http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Assessment_of_Burden_of_NCD_Stroke_Assessment_of_Burden_of_NCDs.pdf.
3. C. Warlow, C. Sudlow, M. Dennis, J. Wardlaw, and P. Sandercock, “Stroke,” Lancet, vol. 362, no. 9391, pp. 1211–1224, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
4. K. Strong, C. Mathers, and R. Bonita, “Preventing stroke: saving lives around the world,” Lancet Neurology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 182–187, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
5. C. M. Reid and A. G. Thrift, “Hypertension 2020: confronting tomorrow's problem today,” Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, vol. 32, no. 5-6, pp. 374–376, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
6. P. M. Dalal, “Burden of stroke - Indian perspective,” Journal of Association of Physicians of India, vol. 52, pp. 695–696, 2004. View at Scopus
7. M. N. Mishra and S. Rohatgi, “Antiphospholipid antibodies in young Indian patients with stroke,” Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 161–164, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
8. M. M. Mehndiratta, A. Bhattacharya, M. Gupta, G. K. Khawaja, and V. Puri, “Antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome in 'Stroke in young',” Neurology India, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 122–126, 1999. View at Scopus
9. A. Hooda, P. D. Khandelwal, and P. Saxena, “Protein S deficiency: recurrent ischemic stroke in young,” Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 183–184, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
10. M. Tripathi, V. Santosh, D. Nagaraj, R. Cristhopher, P. S. Chandra, and S. K. Shankar, “Stroke in a young man with fibromuscular dysplasia of the cranial vessels with anticardiolipin antibodies: a case report,” Neurological Sciences, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 31–35, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
11. D. Nagaraja, R. Christopher, and M. Tripathi, “Plasma antithrombin III deficiency in ischaemic stroke in the young,” Neurology India, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 155–156, 1999. View at Scopus
12. J. Francis, S. Raghunathan, and P. Khanna, “The role of genetics in stroke,” Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 83, no. 983, pp. 590–595, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
13. B. C. Bansal, A. K. Sood, and C. B. Bansal, “Familial hyperlipidemia in stroke in the young,” Stroke, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 1142–1145, 1986. View at Scopus
14. G. Kenet, L. K. Lütkhoff, M. Albisetti et al., “Impact of thrombophilia on risk of arterial ischemic stroke or cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in neonates and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies,” Circulation, vol. 121, no. 16, pp. 1838–1847, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
15. A. Biswas, R. Ranjan, A. Meena et al., “Homocystine levels, polymorphisms and the risk of ischemic stroke in young Asian Indians,” Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 103–110, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
16. T. Kurth, “The association of migraine with ischemic stroke,” Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 133–139, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
17. H. C. Lin, J. J. Sheu, J. H. Kang, and H. C. Lin, “Hyperthyroidism and risk of ischemic stroke in young adults: a 5-year follow-up study,” Stroke, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 961–966, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
18. K. Srinivasan, “Ischemic cerebrovascular disease in the young. Two common causes in India,” Stroke, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 733–735, 1984. View at Scopus
19. H. K. Anuradha, R. K. Garg, A. Agarwal et al., “Predictors of stroke in patients of tuberculous meningitis and its effect on the outcome,” QJM, vol. 103, no. 9, pp. 671–678, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
20. J. Kalita, U. K. Misra, and P. P. Nair, “Predictors of stroke and its significance in the outcome of tuberculous meningitis,” Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 251–258, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
21. J. S. Chopra and S. Prabhakar, “Clinical features and risk factors in stroke in young,” Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 289–300, 1979. View at Scopus
22. R. V. Alluri, V. Mohan, S. Komandur, K. Chawda, J. R. Chaudhuri, and Q. Hasan, “MTHFR C677T gene mutation as a risk factor for arterial stroke: a hospital based study,” European Journal of Neurology, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 40–44, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
23. R. Christopher, K. M. Kailasanatha, D. Nagaraja, and M. Tripathi, “Case-control study of serum lipoprotein(a) and apolipoproteins A-I and B in stroke in the young,” Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 127–130, 1996. View at Scopus
24. D. Nagaraja, R. Christopher, and T. Manjari, “Anticardiolipin antibodies in ischemic stroke in the young: indian experience,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 150, no. 2, pp. 137–142, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
25. R. K. Dhamija, P. Gaba, S. Arora, A. Kaintura, M. Kumar, and J. Bhattacharjee, “Homocysteine and lipoprotein (a) correlation in ischemic stroke patients,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 281, no. 1-2, pp. 64–68, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
26. J. N. Panicker and S. Madhusudanan, “Cerebral infarction in a young male following viper envenomation,” Journal of Association of Physicians of India, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 744–745, 2000. View at Scopus
27. S. D. Chakrabarti, R. Ganguly, S. K. Chatterjee, and A. Chakravarty, “Is squatting a triggering factor for stroke in Indians?” Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 124–127, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
28. S. Samiullah, M. Humaira, G. Hanif, A. A. Ghouri, and K. Shaikh, “Etiological patterns of stroke in young patients at a tertiary care hospital,” Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 201–204, 2010. View at Scopus
29. S. J. Kittner, B. J. Stern, M. Wozniak et al., “Cerebral infarction in young adults: the Baltimore-Washington Cooperative Young Stroke Study,” Neurology, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 890–894, 1998. View at Scopus
30. M. Rasura, A. Spalloni, M. Ferrari et al., “A case series of young stroke in Rome,” European Journal of Neurology, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 146–152, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
31. R. X. You, J. J. McNeil, H. M. O'Malley, S. M. Davis, A. G. Thrift, and G. A. Donnan, “Risk factors for stroke due to cerebral infarction in young adults,” Stroke, vol. 28, no. 10, pp. 1913–1918, 1997. View at Scopus
32. M. M. Mehndiratta, P. Agarwal, K. Sen, and B. Sharma, “Stroke in young adults: a study from a university hospital in north India,” Medical Science Monitor, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. CR535–CR541, 2004. View at Scopus
33. E. Feldmann, J. P. Broderick, W. N. Kernan et al., “Major risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the young are modifiable,” Stroke, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1881–1885, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
34. C. J. L. Murray and A. D. Lopez, “Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: global Burden of Disease Study,” Lancet, vol. 349, no. 9064, pp. 1498–1504, 1997. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
35. V. L. Feigin, “Stroke in developing countries: can the epidemic be stopped and outcomes improved?” Lancet Neurology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 94–97, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
36. S. K. Das, T. K. Banerjee, A. Biswas et al., “A prospective community-based study of stroke in Kolkata, India,” Stroke, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 906–910, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
37. S. Razdan, R. L. Koul, A. Motta, and S. Kaul, “Cerebrovascular disease in rural Kashmir, India,” Stroke, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1691–1693, 1989. View at Scopus
38. R. Bonita, S. Mendis, T. Truelsen, J. Bogousslavsky, J. Toole, and F. Yatsu, “The global stroke initiative,” Lancet Neurology, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 391–393, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
39. N. Poungvarin, “Stroke in the developing world,” Lancet, vol. 352, supplement 3, pp. SIII19–SIII22, 1998. View at Scopus
40. J. D. Pandian, A. Jaison, S. S. Deepak et al., “Public awareness of warning symptoms, risk factors, and treatment of stroke in Northwest India,” Stroke, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 644–648, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
41. K. Lipska, P. N. Sylaja, P. S. Sarma et al., “Risk factors for acute ischaemic stroke in young adults in South India,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 78, no. 9, pp. 959–963, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
42. V. L. Feigin, C. M. M. Lawes, D. A. Bennett, and C. S. Anderson, “Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century,” Lancet Neurology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 43–53, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
43. S. E. Sridharan, J. P. Unnikrishnan, S. Sukumaran et al., “Incidence, types, risk factors, and outcome of stroke in a developing country the trivandrum stroke registry,” Stroke, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 1212–1218, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
44. K. S. Reddy, “Cardiovascular diseases in India,” World Health Statistics Quarterly, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 101–107, 1993. View at Scopus
45. M. Sharma and N. K. Ganguly, “Premature coronary artery disease in Indians and its associated risk factors,” Vascular health and risk management, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 217–225, 2005. View at Scopus
46. P. Muennig, H. Jia, and K. Khan, “Hospitalization for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus among Indian-born persons: a small area analysis,” BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 19, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
47. N. Venketasubramanian, L. C. S. Tan, S. Sahadevan et al., “Prevalence of stroke among Chinese, Malay, and Indian Singaporeans: a community-based tri-racial cross-sectional survey,” Stroke, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 551–556, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
48. J. Abraham, P. S. Rao, S. G. Inbaraj, G. Shetty, and C. J. Jose, “An epidemiological study of hemiplegia due to stroke in South India,” Stroke, vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 477–481, 1970. View at Scopus
49. B. C. Bansal, R. K. Dhamija, and S. MIttal, “An epidemiological study of cerebrovascular disease in Urban and rural areas of Rohtak,” in Proceedings of International Symposium on Neuroepidemiology, Mumbai, India, 1991.
50. M. GourieDevi, V. Rao, and R. Prakashi, “Stroke prevalence in rural population of Karnataka Gowribidanaur study,” in Proceedings of the Neuroepidemiology Conference, Mumbai, India, 1991.
51. P. M. Dalal, K. P. Dalal, and A. C. Vyas, “Strokes in the young population in West-Central India. Some observations on changing trends in morbidity and mortality,” Neuroepidemiology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 160–164, 1989. View at Scopus
52. S. D. Nayak, M. Nair, K. Radhakrishnan, and P. S. Sarma, “Ischaemic stroke in the young adult: clinical features, risk factors and outcome,” National Medical Journal of India, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 107–112, 1997. View at Scopus
53. P. M. Dalal, D. Nagaraja, S. Narayan, et al., Stroke Surveillance in India, 1996.
54. P. M. Dalal, S. Malik, . et al., “Population-based stroke survey in Mumbai, India: incidence and 28-day case fatality,” Neuroepidemiology, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 254–261, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
55. D. Nagaraja, G. Gururaj, N. Girish et al., “Feasibility study of stroke surveillance: data from Bangalore, India,” Indian Journal of Medical Research, vol. 130, no. 4, pp. 396–403, 2009. View at Scopus
56. S. Kaul, V. C. Bandaru, A. Suvarna, and D. B. Boddu, “Stroke burden and risk factors in developing countries with special reference to India,” Journal of the Indian Medical Association, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 358–370, 2009. View at Scopus
57. J. Kalita, R. Srivastava, V. Bansal, S. Agarwal, and U. Misra, “Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism in Indian stroke patients,” Neurology India, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 260–263, 2006. View at Scopus
58. A. Biswas, R. Ranjan, A. Meena et al., “Homocystine levels, polymorphisms and the risk of ischemic stroke in young Asian Indians,” Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 103–110, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
59. B. I. Somarajan, J. Kalita, U. K. Misra, and B. Mittal, “A study of α1 antichymotrypsin gene polymorphism in Indian stroke patients,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 290, no. 1-2, pp. 57–59, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
60. A. Munshi, V. Sharma, S. Kaul et al., “Association of the -344C/T aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene variant with hypertension and stroke,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 296, no. 1-2, pp. 34–38, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
61. A. Munshi, M. S. Babu, S. Kaul et al., “Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) gene variants and the risk of ischemic stroke in a South Indian population,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 285, no. 1-2, pp. 142–145, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
62. A. Munshi, S. Kaul, N. Aliya, G. Shafi, S. Alladi, and A. Jyothy, “Prothombin gene G20210A mutation is not a risk factor for ischemic stroke in a South Indian Hyderabadi Population,” Thrombosis Research, vol. 124, no. 2, pp. 245–247, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
63. A. Munshi, K. Rajeshwar, S. Kaul et al., “VNTR polymorphism in intron 4 of the eNOS gene and the risk of ischemic stroke in a South Indian population,” Brain Research Bulletin, vol. 82, no. 5-6, pp. 247–250, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
64. A. Munshi, S. Sultana, S. Kaul, B. P. Reddy, S. Alladi, and A. Jyothy, “Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and the risk of ischemic stroke in a South Indian population,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 272, no. 1-2, pp. 132–135, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
65. K. Prasad and K. K. Singhal, “Stroke in young: an Indian perspective,” Neurology India, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 343–350, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
66. G. Butera, G. G. L. Biondi-Zoccai, M. Carminati et al., “Systematic review and meta-analysis of currently available clinical evidence on migraine and patent foramen ovale percutaneous closure: much ado about nothing?” Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 494–504, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
67. R. Menon, S. Kerry, J. W. Norris, and H. S. Markus, “Treatment of cervical artery dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, vol. 79, no. 10, pp. 1122–1127, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
68. S. D. Treadwell, B. Thanvi, and T. G. Robinson, “Stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium,” Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 84, no. 991, pp. 238–245, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
69. P. D. Tank, A. R. Chauhan, M. S. Bhattacharya, H. S. Warke, and V. S. Raut, “Neurological complications in eclampsia: a case series,” International Journal of Fertility and Women's Medicine, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 61–69, 2004. View at Scopus
70. D. Nagaraja, R. Christopher, M. Tripathi, M. Veerendra Kumar, E. R. Valli, and S. A. Patil, “Preceding infection as a risk factor of stroke in the young,” Journal of Association of Physicians of India, vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 673–675, 1999. View at Scopus
71. P. Sanchetee, “Stroke and central nervous system infections,” Journal of the Indian Medical Association, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 372–377, 2009. View at Scopus