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Congenital heart disease |
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Ventricular/atrial septal defect |
Patent ductus arteriosus |
Aortic/mitral stenosis |
Coarctation |
Cardiac rhabdomyoma |
Complex congenital heart defects |
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Acquired heart disease |
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Rheumatic heart disease |
Prosthetic heart valve |
Endocarditis |
Cardiomyopathy |
Myocarditis |
Atrial myxoma |
Arrhythmia |
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Systemic vascular disease |
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Systemic hypertension |
Volume depletion or systemic hypotension |
Hypernatremia |
Superior vena cava syndrome |
Diabetes |
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Vasculitis |
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Meningitis |
Systemic infection |
Systemic lupus erythematosus |
Polyarteritis nodosa |
Granulomatous angiitis |
Takayasu's arteritis |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
Dermatomyositis |
Inflammatory bowel disease |
Drug abuse (cocaine, amphetamines) |
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome |
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Vasculopathies |
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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome |
Homocystinuria |
Moyamoya syndrome |
Fabry's disease |
Malignant atrophic papulosis |
Pseudoxanthoma elasticurn |
NADH-CoQ reductase deficiency |
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Vasospastic disorders |
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Migraine |
Ergot poisoning |
Vasospasm with subarachnoid hemorrhage |
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Hematologic disorders and coagulopathies |
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Hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell anemia, sickle |
cell-hemoglobin C, sickle-thalassemia) |
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura |
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
Thrombocytosis |
Polycythemia |
Disseminated intravascular coagulation |
Leukemia or other neoplasms |
Congenital coagulation defects |
Oral contraceptive use |
Antithrombin III deficiency |
Protein S deficiency |
Protein C deficiency |
Congenital serum C2 deficiency |
Liver dysfunction with coagulation defect |
Vitamin K deficiency |
Lupus anticoagulant |
Anticardiolipin antibodies |
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Structural anomalies of the cerebrovascular system |
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Arterial fibromuscular dysplasia |
Agenesis or hypoplasia of the internal carotid or |
vertebral arteries |
Arteriovenous malformation |
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia |
Sturge-Weber syndrome |
Intracranial aneurysm |
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Trauma |
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Child abuse |
Fat or air embolism |
Foreign body embolism |
Carotid ligation |
Vertebral occlusion following abrupt cervical rotation |
Posttraumatic arterial dissection |
Blunt cervical arterial trauma |
Arteriography |
Posttraumatic carotid cavernous fistula |
Coagulation defect with minor trauma |
Penetrating intracranial trauma |
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