About this Journal Submit a Manuscript Table of Contents 
Stroke Research and Treatment
Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 764830, 6 pages
doi:10.4061/2011/764830
Research Article

Persistent Penumbra in a Rabbit Stroke Model: Incidence and Histologic Characteristics

Leah J. Hennings,1 Rene Flores,2 Paula K. Roberson,3 Aliza Brown,2 John Lowery,4 Michael Borrelli,2 and William C. Culp2

1Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
2Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
3Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
4Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA

Received 31 October 2010; Revised 4 April 2011; Accepted 20 April 2011

Academic Editor: David S. Liebeskind

Copyright © 2011 Leah J. Hennings et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Linked References

  1. M. J. Alberts, C. Bertels, and D. V. Dawson, “An analysis of time presentation after stroke,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 263, no. 1, pp. 65–68, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  2. S. J. Read, T. Hirano, D. F. Abbott et al., “The fate of hypoxic tissue on 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography after ischemic stroke,” Annals of Neurology, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 228–235, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  3. S. J. Read, T. Hirano, D. F. Abbott et al., “Identifying hypoxic tissue after acute ischemic stroke using PET and F-fluoromisonidazole,” Neurology, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1617–1621, 1998. View at Scopus
  4. K. Saita, M. Chen, N. J. Spratt et al., “Imaging the ischemic penumbra with 18F-fluoromisonidazole in a rat model of ischemic stroke,” Stroke, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 975–980, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  5. W. D. Heiss, L. Kracht, M. Grond et al., “Early [(11)C]flumazenil/HO positron emission tomography predicts irreversible ischemic cortical damage in stroke patients receiving acute thrombolytic therapy,” Stroke, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 366–369, 2000. View at Scopus
  6. M. D. Ginsberg, “Adventures in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia: penumbra, gene expression, neuroprotection: the 2002 Thomas Willis lecture,” Stroke, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 214–223, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  7. A. Y. Shih, B. Friedman, P. J. Drew, P. S. Tsai, P. D. Lyden, and D. Kleinfeld, “Active dilation of penetrating arterioles restores red blood cell flux to penumbral neocortex after focal stroke,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 738–751, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  8. G. J. del Zoppo and T. Mabuchi, “Cerebral microvessel responses to focal ischemia,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 879–894, 2003. View at Scopus
  9. G. J. del Zoppo, “Virchow's triad: the vascular basis of cerebral injury,” Reviews in Neurological Diseases, vol. 5, supplement 1, pp. S12–S21, 2008. View at Scopus
  10. G. Tsivgoulis, W. C. Culp, and A. V. Alexandrov, “Ultrasound enhanced thrombolysis in acute arterial ischemia,” Ultrasonics, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 303–311, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  11. S. C. Chen, J. L. Ruan, P. O. W. Cheng, Y. H. Chuang, and P. C. Li, “In vitro evaluation of ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis using a targeted ultrasound contrast agent,” Ultrason Imaging, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 235–246, 2009. View at Scopus
  12. C. A. Molina, M. Ribo, M. Rubiera et al., “Microbubble administration accelerates clot lysis during continuous 2-MHz ultrasound monitoring in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator,” Stroke, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 425–429, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  13. W. C. Culp, T. R. Porter, J. Lowery, F. Xie, P. K. Roberson, and L. Marky, “Intracranial clot lysis with intravenous microbubbles and transcranial ultrasound in swine,” Stroke, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 2407–2411, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  14. A. Abou-Chebl, “Endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke may be safely performed with no time window limit in appropriately selected patients,” Stroke, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1996–2000, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed
  15. P. Thored, J. Wood, A. Arvidsson, J. Cammenga, Z. Kokaia, and O. Lindvall, “Long-term neuroblast migration along blood vessels in an area with transient angiogenesis and increased vascularization after stroke,” Stroke, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 3032–3039, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  16. A. T. Brown, R. D. Skinner, R. Flores et al., “Stroke location and brain function in an embolic rabbit stroke model,” Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 903–909, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  17. L. Belayev, W. Zhao, R. Busto, and M. D. Ginsberg, “Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal suture: I. Three-dimensional autoradiographic image-analysis of local cerebral glucose metabolism blood flow interrelationships during ischemia and early recirculation,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1266–1280, 1997. View at Scopus
  18. M. Takasawa, J. S. Beech, T. D. Fryer et al., “Imaging of brain hypoxia in permanent and temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat using 18F-fluoromisonidazole and positron emission tomography: a pilot study,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 679–689, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  19. M. D. Ginsberg, L. Belayev, W. Zhao, P. W. Huh, and R. Busto, “The acute ischemic penumbra: topography, life span, and therapeutic response,” Acta Neurochirurgica, vol. 1999, no. 73, supplement, pp. 45–50, 1999. View at Scopus
  20. T. Noto, Y. Furuichi, M. Ishiye et al., “Tacrolimus (FK506) limits accumulation of granulocytes and platelets and protects against brain damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat,” Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 313–317, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  21. T. Noto, Y. Furuichi, M. Ishiye et al., “Temporal and topographic profiles of tissue hypoxia following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats,” Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 803–807, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
  22. W. Zhao, L. Belayev, and M. D. Ginsberg, “Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion by intraluminal suture: 2. neurological deficits, and pixel-based correlation of histopathology with local blood flow and glucose utilization,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1281–1290, 1997. View at Scopus
  23. D. Lloyd-Jones, R. J. Adams, T. M. Brown et al., “Heart disease and stroke statistics-2010 update: a report from the american heart association,” Circulation, vol. 121, no. 7, pp. e46–e215, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  24. D. Kleindorfer, Y. Xu, C. J. Moomaw, P. Khatri, O. Adeoye, and R. Hornung, “US geographic distribution of rt-PA utilization by hospital for acute ischemic stroke,” Stroke, vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 3580–3584, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus
  25. N. Ahmed, N. Wahlgren, M. Grond et al., “Implementation and outcome of thrombolysis with alteplase 3-4·5 h after an acute stroke: an updated analysis from SITS-ISTR,” The Lancet Neurology, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 866–874, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
  26. W. Hacke, M. Kaste, E. Bluhmki et al., “Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 359, no. 13, pp. 1317–1329, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at PubMed · View at Scopus