Journal Menu
- About this Journal
- Abstracting and Indexing
- Aims and Scope
- Annual Issues
- Article Processing Charges
- Articles in Press
- Author Guidelines
- Bibliographic Information
- Citations to this Journal
- Contact Information
- Editorial Board
- Editorial Workflow
- Free eTOC Alerts
- Publication Ethics
- Reviewers Acknowledgment
- Submit a Manuscript
- Subscription Information
- Table of Contents
Stroke Research and Treatment
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 382146, 8 pages
doi:10.1155/2012/382146
Review Article
Calcium and Potassium Channels in Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Transient Global Ischemia
1Department for Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
2Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Straße 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
3Center of Molecular Medicine, Cologne, Germany
Received 19 September 2012; Accepted 27 October 2012
Academic Editor: R. Loch Macdonald
Copyright © 2012 Marcel A. Kamp et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- C. E. Lovelock, G. J. E. Rinkel, and P. M. Rothwell, “Time trends in outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage: population-based study and systematic review,” Neurology, vol. 74, no. 19, pp. 1494–1501, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. D. Vergouwen, M. Vermeulen, J. van Gijn et al., “Definition of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies: proposal of a multidisciplinary research group,” Stroke, vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 2391–2395, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Waters and D. R. Harder, “Altered membrane properties of cerebral vascular smooth muscle following subarachnoid hemorrhage: an electrophysiological study. I. Changes in resting membrane potential (E(m)) and effect on the electrogenic pump potential contribution to E(m),” Stroke, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 990–997, 1985. View at Scopus
- M. Zuccarello, R. Boccaletti, M. Tosun, and R. M. Rapoport, “Role of extracellular Ca2+ in subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced spasm of the rabbit basilar artery,” Stroke, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1896–1902, 1996. View at Scopus
- M. T. Nelson, J. B. Patlak, J. F. Worley, and N. B. Standen, “Calcium channels, potassium channels, and voltage dependence of arterial smooth muscle tone,” American Journal of Physiology—Cell Physiology, vol. 259, no. 1, pp. C3–C18, 1990. View at Scopus
- N. B. Standen and J. M. Quayle, “K+ channel modulation in arterial smooth muscle,” Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol. 164, no. 4, pp. 549–557, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Y. Aihara, B. S. Jahromi, R. Yassari, E. Nikitina, M. Agbaje-Williams, and R. L. Macdonald, “Molecular profile of vascular ion channels after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 75–83, 2004. View at Scopus
- S. Chrissobolis, J. Ziogas, Y. I. Chu, F. M. Faraci, and C. G. Sobey, “Role of inwardly rectifying K+ channels in K+-induced cerebral vasodilatation in vivo,” American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 279, no. 6, pp. H2704–H2712, 2000. View at Scopus
- D. Janigro, G. A. West, E. L. Gordon, and H. R. Winn, “ATP-sensitive K+ channels in rat aorta and brain microvascular endothelial cells,” The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 265, no. 3, pp. C812–C821, 1993. View at Scopus
- K. B. Ploug, L. J. Boni, M. Baun, A. Hay-Schmidt, J. Olesen, and I. Jansen-Olesen, “KATP channel expression and pharmacological in vivo and in vitro studies of the KATP channel blocker PNU-37883A in rat middle meningeal arteries,” British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 154, no. 1, pp. 72–81, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Albarwani, L. T. Nemetz, J. A. Madden et al., “Voltage-gated K+ channels in rat small cerebral arteries: molecular identity of the functional channels,” Journal of Physiology, vol. 551, no. 3, pp. 751–763, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. C. Amberg and L. F. Santana, “Kv2 channels oppose myogenic constriction of rat cerebral arteries,” American Journal of Physiology—Cell Physiology, vol. 291, no. 2, pp. C348–C356, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. N. Poulsen, H. Wulf, A. Hay-Schmidt, I. Jansen-Olesen, J. Olesen, and D. A. Klaerke, “Differential expression of BK channel isoforms and β-subunits in rat neuro-vascular tissues,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol. 1788, no. 2, pp. 380–389, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. D. Smith, S. E. Brett, K. D. Luykenaar et al., “KIR channels function as electrical amplifiers in rat vascular smooth muscle,” Journal of Physiology, vol. 586, no. 4, pp. 1147–1160, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. J. Zaritsky, D. M. Eckman, G. C. Wellman, M. T. Nelson, and T. L. Schwarz, “Targeted disruption of Kir2.1 and Kir2.2 genes reveals the essential role of the inwardly rectifying K+ current in K+-mediated vasodilation,” Circulation Research, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 160–166, 2000. View at Scopus
- H. Farr and T. David, “Models of neurovascular coupling via potassium and EET signalling,” Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol. 286, no. 1, pp. 13–23, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. D. S. Hirst and F. R. Edwards, “Sympathetic neuroeffector transmission in arteries and arterioles,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 546–604, 1989. View at Scopus
- J. M. Quayle, M. T. Nelson, and N. B. Standen, “ATP-sensitive and inwardly rectifying potassium channels in smooth muscle,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 1165–1232, 1997. View at Scopus
- F. M. Faraci and C. G. Sobey, “Role of potassium channels in regulation of cerebral vascular tone,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 18, no. 10, pp. 1047–1063, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Gokina, R. Bevan, C. Walters, and J. Bevan, “Calcium-activated potassium channels regulate membrane potential and tone and modulate action potentials in smooth muscle of human p1al arteries,” The FASEB Journal, vol. 10, no. 3, p. A301, 1996. View at Scopus
- G. C. Wellman, “Ion channels and calcium signaling in cerebral arteries following subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Neurological Research, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 690–702, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. E. Robertson, R. Schubert, J. Hescheler, and M. T. Nelson, “cGMP-Dependent protein kinase activates Ca-activated K channels in cerebral artery smooth muscle cells,” American Journal of Physiology—Cell Physiology, vol. 265, no. 1, pp. C299–C303, 1993. View at Scopus
- R. M. Hannah, K. M. Dunn, A. D. Bonev, and M. T. Nelson, “Endothelial SKCa and IKCa channels regulate brain parenchymal arteriolar diameter and cortical cerebral blood flow,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 1175–1186, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. W. Hong, B. Y. Rhim, C. D. Kim, and S. E. Yoo, “Relaxant effects of cromakalim and ATP depletion in dog and rat mesenteric arteries—species differences,” Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie, vol. 328, no. 1, pp. 54–66, 1994. View at Scopus
- N. B. Standen, J. M. Quayle, N. W. Davies, J. E. Brayden, Y. Huang, and M. T. Nelson, “Hyperpolarizing vasodilators activate ATP-sensitive K+ channels in arterial smooth muscle,” Science, vol. 245, no. 4914, pp. 177–180, 1989. View at Scopus
- F. Bari, T. M. Louis, and D. W. Busija, “Effects of ischemia on cerebral arteriolar dilation to arterial hypoxia in piglets,” Stroke, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 222–228, 1998. View at Scopus
- E. A. Ko, J. Han, I. D. Jung, and W. S. Park, “Physiological roles of K+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells,” Journal of Smooth Muscle Research, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 65–81, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Nikitina, A. Kawashi, M. Takahashi et al., “Alteration in voltage-dependent calcium channels in dog basilar artery after subarachnoid hemorrhage: laboratory investigation,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 113, no. 4, pp. 870–880, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. F. Navarro-Gonzalez, T. H. Grayson, K. R. Meaney, L. L. Cribbs, and C. E. Hill, “Non-l-type voltage-dependent calcium channels control vascular tone of the rat basilar artery,” Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 55–66, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Nikitina, Z. D. Zhang, A. Kawashima et al., “Voltage-dependent calcium channels of dog basilar artery,” Journal of Physiology, vol. 580, no. 2, pp. 523–541, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- I. Y. Kuo, A. Ellis, V. A. Seymour, S. L. Sandow, and C. E. Hill, “Dihydropyridine-insensitive calcium currents contribute to function of small cerebral arteries,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 1226–1239, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- I. Bezprozvanny and R. W. Tsien, “Voltage-dependent blockade of diverse types of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by the Ca2+ channel antagonist mibefradil (Ro 40-5967),” Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 540–549, 1995. View at Scopus
- P. Miranda, A. Lagares, J. Alen, A. Perez-Nuñez, I. Arrese, and R. D. Lobato, “Early transcranial Doppler after subarachnoid hemorrhage: clinical and radiological correlations,” Surgical Neurology, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 247–252, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. A. Schubert, M. Seiz, A. A. Hegewald, J. Manville, and C. Thomé, “Acute hypoperfusion immediately after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a xenon contrast-enhanced CT study,” Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 2225–2231, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Westermaier, A. Jauss, J. Eriskat, E. Kunze, and K. Roosen, “Time-course of cerebral perfusion and tissue oxygenation in the first 6 h after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 771–779, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Hayashi, A. Suzuki, J. Hatazawa et al., “Cerebral circulation and metabolism in the acute stage of subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 1014–1018, 2000. View at Scopus
- B. Romner, B. Ljunggren, L. Brandt, and H. Saveland, “Transcranial Doppler sonography within 12 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 732–736, 1989. View at Scopus
- R. A. Solomon, M. E. Fink, and L. Lennihan, “Early aneurysm surgery and prophylactic hypervolemic hypertensive therapy for the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Neurosurgery, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 699–704, 1988. View at Scopus
- Y. Takanashi, B. K. A. Weir, B. Vollrath, H. Kasuya, R. L. Macdonald, and D. Cook, “Time course of changes in concentration of intracellular free calcium in cultured cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells exposed to oxyhemoglobin,” Neurosurgery, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 346–350, 1992. View at Scopus
- K. Takenaka, H. Yamada, N. Sakai, T. Ando, Y. Okano, and Y. Nozawa, “Intracellular Ca2+ changes in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells by treatment with various spasmogens,” Neurological Research, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 168–172, 1991. View at Scopus
- K. Takenaka, H. Yamada, N. Sakai et al., “Cytosolic calcium changes in cultured rat aortic smooth-muscle cells induced by oxyhemoglobin,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 74, no. 4, pp. 620–624, 1991. View at Scopus
- M. Ishiguro, K. Murakami, T. Link et al., “Acute and chronic effects of oxyhemoglobin on voltage-dependent ion channels in cerebral arteries,” Acta Neurochirurgica, no. 104, pp. 99–102, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. S. Jahromi, Y. Aihara, J. Ai, Z. D. Zhang, E. Nikitina, and R. L. MacDonald, “Voltage-gated K+ channel dysfunction in myocytes from a dog model of subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 797–811, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- B. S. Jahromi, Y. Aihara, J. Ai et al., “Preserved BK channel function in vasospastic myocytes from a dog model of subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Journal of Vascular Research, vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 402–415, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. W. Weyer, B. S. Jahromi, Y. Aihara et al., “Expression and function of inwardly rectifying potassium channels after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 382–391, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Ishiguro, A. D. Morielli, K. Zvarova, B. I. Tranmer, P. L. Penar, and G. C. Wellman, “Oxyhemoglobin-induced suppression of voltage-dependent K+ channels in cerebral arteries by enhanced tyrosine kinase activity,” Circulation Research, vol. 99, no. 11, pp. 1252–1260, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Koide, M. A. Nystoriak, G. Krishnamoorthy et al., “Reduced Ca2+ spark activity after subarachnoid hemorrhage disables BK channel control of cerebral artery tone,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 3–16, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. T. Nelson and J. M. Quayle, “Physiological roles and properties of potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle,” American Journal of Physiology—Cell Physiology, vol. 268, no. 4, pp. C799–C822, 1995. View at Scopus
- G. C. Wellman and M. T. Nelson, “Signaling between SR and plasmalemma in smooth muscle: sparks and the activation of Ca2+-sensitive ion channels,” Cell Calcium, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 211–229, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Sugai, T. Yanagisawa, O. Motohashi, M. Suzuki, and T. Yoshimoto, “Levcromakalim decreases cytoplasmic Ca2+ and vascular tone in basilar artery of SAH model dogs,” Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 868–875, 1999. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- I. Ahmad, S. Imaizumi, H. Shimizu et al., “Development of calcitonin gene-related peptide slow-release tablet implanted in CSF space for prevention of cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage,” Acta Neurochirurgica, vol. 138, no. 10, pp. 1230–1240, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Inoue, H. Shimizu, T. Kaminuma, M. Tajima, K. Watabe, and T. Yoshimoto, “Prevention of cerebral vasospasm by calcitonin gene-related peptide slow-release tablet after subarachnoid hemorrhage in monkeys,” Neurosurgery, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 984–990, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- European CGRP, “Effect of calcitonin-gene-related peptide in patients with delayed postoperative cerebral ischaemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage,” The Lancet, vol. 339, no. 8797, pp. 831–834, 1992. View at Scopus
- W. J. Zhao and C. Wu, “Nimodipine attenuation of early brain dysfunctions is partially related to its inverting acute vasospasm in a cisterna magna subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model in rats,” International Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 122, no. 10, pp. 611–617, 2012.
- A. Kawashima, H. Kasuya, A. Sasahara, M. Miyajima, M. Izawa, and T. Hori, “Prevention of cerebral vasospasm by nicardipine prolonged-release implants in dogs,” Neurological Research, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 634–641, 2000. View at Scopus
- C. Thomé, M. Seiz, G. A. Schubert et al., “Nicardipine pellets for the prevention of cerebral vasospasm,” Acta neurochirurgica, vol. 110, part 2, pp. 209–211, 2011. View at Scopus
- M. Ishiguro, T. L. Wellman, A. Honda, S. R. Russell, B. I. Tranmer, and G. C. Wellman, “Emergence of a R-type Ca2+ channel (Cav 2.3) contributes to cerebral artery constriction after subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Circulation Research, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 419–426, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Ishiguro and G. C. Wellman, “Cellular basis of vasospasm: role of small diameter arteries and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels,” Acta Neurochirurgica, Supplementum, no. 104, pp. 95–98, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. E. Link, K. Murakami, M. Beem-Miller, B. I. Tranmer, and G. C. Wellman, “Oxyhemoglobin-induced expression of R-type Ca2+ channels in cerebral arteries,” Stroke, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 2122–2128, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. Wang, Y. H. Yin, F. Jia, and J. Y. Jiang, “Antagonism of R-type calcium channels significantly improves cerebral blood flow after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats,” Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 1723–1732, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. J. Cook, S. Kan, J. L. Ai, H. Kasuya, and R. L. Macdonald, “Cisternal sustained release dihydropyridines for subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Current Neurovascular Research, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 139–148, 2012.
- R. Ayer and J. Zhang, “Connecting the early brain injury of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage to clinical practice,” Turkish Neurosurgery, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 159–166, 2010. View at Scopus
- J. B. Bederson, I. M. Germano, and L. Guarino, “Cortical blood flow and cerebral perfusion pressure in a new noncraniotomy model of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the rat,” Stroke, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1086–1092, 1995. View at Scopus
- K. Takagi, Y. Tsuchiya, K. Okinaga, M. Hirata, T. Nakagomi, and A. Tamura, “Natural hypothermia immediately after transient global cerebral ischemia induced by spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Journal of Neurosurgery, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 50–56, 2003. View at Scopus
- F. Bari, T. M. Louis, W. Meng, and D. W. Busija, “Global ischemia impairs ATP-sensitive K+ channel function in cerebral arterioles in piglets,” Stroke, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1874–1880, 1996. View at Scopus
- S. Johansson, G. K. Povlsen, and L. Edvinsson, “Expressional changes in cerebrovascular receptors after experimental transient forebrain ischemia,” PLoS One, vol. 7, no. 7, Article ID e41852, 2012. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- X. M. Li, J. M. Yang, D. H. Hu et al., “Contribution of downregulation of L-type calcium currents to delayed neuronal death in rat hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion,” Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 27, no. 19, pp. 5249–5259, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Guo, F. J. Meng, X. Z. Fu, B. Song, X. B. Yan, and G. Y. Zhang, “N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel activation mediate proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 phosphorylation during cerebral ischemia in rats,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 355, no. 3, pp. 177–180, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- I. Harukuni and A. Bhardwaj, “Mechanisms of brain injury after global cerebral ischemia,” Neurologic Clinics, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 1–21, 2006. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. M. Lee, G. J. Zipfel, and D. W. Choi, “The changing landscape of ischaemic brain injury mechanisms,” Nature, vol. 399, no. 6738, pp. A7–A14, 1999. View at Scopus
- A. Pisani, P. Calabresi, A. Tozzi, V. D'Angelo, and G. Bernardi, “L-type Ca2+ channel blockers attenuate electrical changes and Ca2+ rise induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation in cortical neurons,” Stroke, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 196–202, 1998. View at Scopus
- I. A. Silver and M. Erecinska, “Intracellular and extracellular changes of [Ca2+] in hypoxia and ischemia in rat brain in vivo,” Journal of General Physiology, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 837–866, 1990. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. Toriyama, L. Wang, H. Saegusa et al., “Role of Cav2.3 (αIE) Ca2+ channel in ischemic neuronal injury,” NeuroReport, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 261–265, 2002. View at Scopus
- Y. H. Chung, C. M. Shin, M. J. Kim, D. H. Shin, Y. B. Yoo, and C. I. Cha, “Spatial and temporal distribution of N-type Ca2+ channels in gerbil global cerebral ischemia,” Brain Research, vol. 902, no. 2, pp. 294–300, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. K. Park, S. J. An, I. K. Hwang et al., “Temporal alterations in voltage gated Ca2+ channel immunoreactivities in the gerbil hippocampus following ischemic insults,” Brain Research, vol. 970, no. 1-2, pp. 87–96, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Azimi-Zonooz, C. B. Kawa, C. D. Dowell, and B. M. Olivera, “Autoradiographic localization of N-type VGCCs in gerbil hippocampus and failure of ω-conotoxin MVIIA to attenuate neuronal injury after transient cerebral ischemia,” Brain Research, vol. 907, no. 1-2, pp. 61–70, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- M. Bancila, J. C. Copin, Y. Daali, B. Schatlo, Y. Gasche, and P. Bijlenga, “Two structurally different T-type Ca2+ channel inhibitors, mibefradil and pimozide, protect CA1 neurons from delayed death after global ischemia in rats,” Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 469–478, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- I. Nikonenko, M. Bancila, A. Bloc, D. Muller, and P. Bijlenga, “Inhibition of T-type calcium channels protects neurons from delayed ischemia-induced damage,” Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 84–89, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Zhang, J. Yang, C. F. Zhang, X. Q. Jiang, H. Q. Zhou, and M. Liu, “Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic stroke,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. In press.
- S. Nishizawa, K. Obara, K. Nakayama et al., “Protein kinase Cδ and α are involved in the development of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 398, no. 1, pp. 113–119, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Ansar and L. Edvinsson, “Subtype activation and interaction of protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase controlling receptor expression in cerebral arteries and microvessels after subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Stroke, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 185–190, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Nishizawa, K. Obara, M. Koide, K. Nakayama, S. Ohta, and T. Yokoyama, “Attenuation of canine cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage by protein kinase C inhibitors despite augmented phosphorylation of myosin light chain,” Journal of Vascular Research, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 169–178, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- U. Klöckner, A. Pereverzev, J. Leroy et al., “The cytosolic II-III loop of Cav2.3 provides an essential determinant for the phorbol ester-mediated stimulation of E-type Ca2+ channel activity,” European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 2659–2668, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. Stea, T. W. Soong, and T. P. Snutch, “Determinants of PKC-dependent modulation of a family of neuronal calcium channels,” Neuron, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 929–940, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Sakaki, S. Ohue, K. Kohno, and S. Takeda, “Impairment of vascular reactivity and changes in intracellular calcium and calmodulin levels of smooth muscle cells in canine basilar arteries after subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Neurosurgery, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 753–761, 1989. View at Scopus
- J. W. Peterson, G. Candia, A. J. Spanos, and N. T. Zervas, “The calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine provides mild prophylactic protection against cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage, but no therapeutic value,” Neurosurgery, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 917–922, 1989. View at Scopus
- S. Diochot, S. Richard, and J. Valmier, “Diversity of voltage-gated calcium currents in large diameter embryonic mouse sensory neurons,” Neuroscience, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 627–641, 1995. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- W. Stengel, M. Jainz, and K. Andreas, “Different potencies of dihydropyridine derivatives in blocking T-type but not L-type Ca2+ channels in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells,” European Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 342, no. 2-3, pp. 339–345, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- N. Etminan, M. D. I. Vergouwen, and R. L. Macdonald, “Angiographic vasospasm versus cerebral infarction as outcome measures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,” Acta Neurochirurgica, vol. 115, pp. 33–40, 2013. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. I. Korenkov, J. Pahnke, K. Frei et al., “Treatment with nimodipine or mannitol reduces programmed cell death and infarct size following focal cerebral ischemia,” Neurosurgical Review, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 145–150, 2000. View at Scopus
- M. Sobrado, M. G. López, F. Carceller, A. G. García, and J. M. Roda, “Combined nimodipine and citicoline reduce infarct size, attenuate apoptosis and increase Bcl-2 expression after focal cerebral ischemia,” Neuroscience, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 107–113, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- K. Taya, Y. Watanabe, H. Kobayashi, and M. Fujiwara, “Nimodipine improves the disruption of spatial cognition induced by cerebral ischemia,” Physiology and Behavior, vol. 70, no. 1-2, pp. 19–25, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- V. L. Feigin, G. J. E. Rinkel, A. Algra, M. Vermeulen, and J. van Gijn, “Calcium antagonists in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review,” Neurology, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 876–883, 1998. View at Scopus