Poststroke Fatigue: Who Is at Risk for an Increase in Fatigue?

Table 2

Baseline characteristics and bivariate logistic regression analysis related to increased fatigue.

	Baseline characteristics		Bivariate logistic regression analysis
	Deteriorated; 𝑁=38	Reference group*; 𝑁=204	OR (95% CI)	𝑃 value
Personal factors
Age, mean ± SD	56.9±10.4	57.1±10.3	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.915
Male	63.2%	65.2%	1.10 (0.53–2.24)	0.809
Physically active before Stroke (yes)	81.6%	78.9%	1.88 (0.63–5.63)	0.261
CIRS, mean ± SD	6.1±3.7	5.5±2.6	1.07 (0.95–1.21)	0.251
Marital status; living with partner	78.9%	82.8%	0.78 (0.33–1.84)	0.565
Stroke characteristics
Type of stroke; ischemic	84.2%	80.9%	1.26 (0.49–3.22)	0.629
Lateralization
Right hemisphere (reference)	42.1%	48.0%	reference	reference
Left hemisphere			1.38 (0.65–2.94)	0.404
Other			1.05 (0.38–2.90)	0.925
Time since stroke (days)	108.8±53.9	94.8±94.8	1.06 (0.999–1.01)	0.094*
Previous stroke (yes)	10.5%	10.8%	0.812 (0.43–1.51)	0.513
Physical functions
MI upper limb, mean ± SD	55.1±29.3	61.3±25.8	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.185*
MI lower limb, mean ± SD	67.4±21.4	68.1±20.1	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	0.843
SIS-strength, mean ± SD	53.6±21.3	51.5±19.9	1.01 (0.99–1.02)	0.546
TBT, median (range)	3.5 (1–5)	3 (0–5)	0.89 (0.65–1.23)	0.491
Cognitive functions
MMSE, mean ± SD	28.5±1.6	28.0±1.7	1.21 (0.96–1.51)	0.104*
SIS-memory, mean ± SD	85.3±13.9	81.4±17.8	1.02 (0.99–1.04)	0.194*
Inattention (yes)	13.2%	21.6%	0.55 (0.20–1.50)	0.242
Psychological characteristics
HADS-depression, mean ± SD	4.6±3.6	4.8±3.4	0.98 (0.88–1.09)	0.706
HADS-anxiety, mean ± SD	3.3±2.8	3.8±3.5	0.95 (0.85–1.06)	0.338
SIS-emotion, mean ± SD	80.6±13.4	82.8±13.7	1.00 (0.97–1.01)	0.353
FES, mean ± SD	97.1±21.0	97.3±19.2	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	0.955
FSS, mean ± SD	2.7±1.3	4.4±1.6	0.50 (0.38–0.64)	0.000*
Activities and participation
6MWT, mean distance ± SD	279.1±132.1	326.6±126.0	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	0.037*
5MTWT, mean time ± SD	9.0±6.1	8.1±7.9	1.01 (0.97–1.05)	0.521
FAC, median (range)	5 (4-5)	5 (3–5)	0.78 (0.45–1.34)	0.361
RMI, mean ± SD	12.4±1.5	12.5±1.9	0.99 (0.82–1.20)	0.930
NEADL, mean ± SD	32.3±10.5	34.0±11.1	0.99 (0.96–1.02)	0.372
SIS-mobility, mean ± SD	79.0±14.9	79.2±14.2	1.00 (0.98–1.02)	0.940
SIS-hand function, mean ± SD	41.4±38.7	45.5±34.8	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.520
SIS-ADL/IADL, mean ± SD	67.1±16.0	70.4±15.2	0.99 (0.97–1.01)	0.238
SIS-communication, mean ± SD	83.4±22.8	85.2±18.2	1.00 (0.79–1.01)	0.579
SIS-participation, mean ± SD	63.4±24.3	67.0±20.3	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	0.329

*Reference group: those with stable or decreased FSS scores; CIRS: Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, MI: Motricity Index, SIS: Stroke Impact Scale, TBT: Timed Balance Test, MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination, HADS: Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, FES: Falls Efficacy Scale, FSS: Fatigue Severity Scale, 6MWT: 6-Minute Walking Test, 5MTWT: 5-Meter Timed Walking Test, FAC: Functional Ambulation Categories, RMI: Rivermead Mobility Index, NEADL: Nottingham extended activities of daily living, CI: Confidence Interval *𝑃 value <0.2, included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis.