Does Inhibitory Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Augment Functional Task Practice to Improve Arm Recovery in Chronic Stroke?
Table 2
Changes in outcome measures from preintervention to postintervention and postintervention to retention by group: real-rTMS versus sham-rTMS.
Outcome measure
Postintervention-preintervention
Retention-postintervention
Within group change scores
Comparison between groups
Within group change scores
Comparison Between groups
Real-rTMS mean (SE)
Sham-rTMS mean (SE)
Difference of change (95% CI)
Real-rTMS mean (SE)
Sham-rTMS mean (SE)
Difference of change (95% CI)
WMFT- (log performance time)
−0.14 (0.14)
−0.21 (0.10)
0.07 (−0.30–0.44)
−0.008 (0.08)
0.13 (0.12)
−0.14 (−0.45–0.17)
WMFT- (seconds)
0.87 (1.2)
0.81 (1.1)
0.06 (−0.30–0.44)
0.99 (1.1)
1.1 (1.1)
−0.11 (−0.45–0.17)
WMFT-FAS
1.5 (1.1)
3.1 (1.3)
−1.55 (−5.09–1.99)
−1.3 (1.3)
−1.4 (1.4)
0.15 (−3.96–4.26)
UEFM-M
4.6 (1.5)
3.9 (1.5)
0.65 (−3.85–5.15)
−1.6 (0.80)
0.6 (1.5)
−2.16 (−5.90–1.59)
Grip force (kg)
1.2 (1.1)
1.6 (0.67)
−0.38 (−3.18–2.42)
−1.6 (1.0)
−0.98 (0.33)
−0.60 (−3.0–1.9)
LP force (kg)
0.08 (0.28)
0.51 (0.33)
−0.43 (−1.4–0.49)
−0.08 (0.46)
−0.26 (0.20)
0.18 (−0.93–1.28)
PP force (kg)
0.11 (0.19)
0.42 (0.35)
−0.32 (−1.189–0.56)
−0.36 (0.2)
−0.02 (0.19)
−0.33 (−0.91–0.25)
3JC force (kg)
0.10 (0.56)
0.46 (0.44)
−0.36 (−1.85–1.14)
−0.44 (0.33)
−0.21 (90.33)
−0.23 (−1.23–0.77)
ARAT
0.89 (1.2)
2.5 (0.89)
−1.56 (−4.71–1.59)
0.38 (91.5)
−0.40 (0.82)
0.78 (−2.9–4.5)
Modified Ashworth Scale
−2.0 (0.83)
−1.6 (0.02)
−0.40 (−2.54–1.74)
0.22 (0.66)
−0.60 (0.65)
0.82 (−1.1–2.8)
Light Touch
−0.70 (0.51)
−0.25 (0.69)
−0.45 (−2.26–1.36)
−0.11 (0.72)
0.4 (0.4)
−0.51 (−2.29–1.27)
MAL-AOU
0.71 (0.31)
0.45 (0.18)
0.27 (−0.5–1.03)
−0.09 (0.21)
−0.20 (0.14)
0.11 (−0.44–0.66)
MAL-HW
0.76 (0.30)
0.48 (0.15)
0.28 (−0.44–0.99)
−0.21 (−0.25)
−0.27 (0.14)
0.06 (−0.57–0.68)
LLFDI—function total
2.4 (1.2)
0.34 (0.93)
2.0 (−1.18–5.2)
−2.39 (0.99)
−0.19 (0.79)
−2.20 (−4.92–0.52)
LLFDI—upper extremity
3.8 (3.2)
4.3 (2.2)
−0.51 (−8.7–7.7)
−4.22 (3.48)
−1.48 (2.08)
−2.75 (−11.61–6.12)
LLFDI—frequency dimension total
1.4 (1.2)
0.34 (0.94)
1.1 (−2.1–4.2)
0.34 (1.56)
0.48 (1.05)
−0.14 (−4.21–3.94)
LLFDI—social role
2.0 (1.3)
0.20 (1.3)
1.8 (−2.0–5.7)
−0.16 (2.77)
0.31 (1.77)
−0.47 (−7.62–6.68)
LLFDI—personal role
2.2 (2.8)
1.9 (2.1)
0.34 (−7.1–7.8)
2.22 (2.01)
1.19 (3.17)
1.02 (−6.98–9.02)
LLFDI—limitation dimension total
2.1 (1.1)
3.6 (1.9)
−1.5 (−6.3–3.4)
−0.59 (2.34)
−1.0 (2.64)
0.40 (−7.08–7.89)
LLFDI—instrumental role
4.3 (2.0)
3.8 (2.2)
0.56 (−5.7–6.8)
−0.98 (2.41)
−1.32 (2.92)
0.34 (−7.69–8.37)
LLFDI—management role
5.5 (3.0)
4.2 (1.7)
1.3 (−6.2–8.8)
−2.68 (5.53)
−2.22 (3.54)
−0.45 (−14.72–13.82)
Movement time (sec)
−0.14 (0.08)
−0.10 (0.11)
−0.042 (−0.33–0.24)
0.08 (0.06)
−0.003 (0.09)
0.09 (−0.15–0.32)
Trunk displacement (mm)
−3.9 (5.9)
−2.1 (4.7)
−1.8 (−17.63–13.98)
7.2 (7.0)
−5.1 (6.1)
12.37 (−7.24–32.0)
Maximum resultant velocity (m/s)
0.07 (0.04)
0.12 (0.03)
−0.05 (−0.16–0.06)
0.001 (0.05)
0.00 (0.03)
−0.003 (−0.133–0.127)
Shoulder ROM (degrees)
−2.55 (2.39)
−0.2 (1.84)
−1.11 (−6.70–4.48)
6.00 (3.11)
1.33 (2.40)
4.67 (−3.72–13.05)
Elbow ROM (degrees)
1.25 (1.99)
0.7 (1.75)
−3.19 (−8.24–1.85)
0.44 (2.10)
−4.89 (2.11)
5.33 (−0.97–11.64)
Wrist ROM (degrees)
−2.00 (1.60)
−0.2 (0.98)
−6.94 (−18.43–4.54)
1.00 (1.52)
−5.44 (5.26)
6.44 (−5.87–18.76)
SICI (% of test MEP)
−29.22 (7.6)
−0.33 (4.2)
−28.9* (−47.6–10.1)
13.29 (6.3)
−6.1 (6.8)
19.34 (−0.39–39.19)
(% MSO)
3.8 (2.9)
−6.9 (3.5)
10.6* (0.89–20.3)
−1.7 (6.8)
3.8 (4.7)
−5.5 (−24.0–13.1)
rMT (% MSO)
3.6 (3.0)
−7.9 (5.3)
11.5 (−1.7–24.7)
−4.0 (4.3)
1.7 (7.3)
−5.7 (−24.1–12.7)
. SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval; rTMS: repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; WMFT: Wolf Motor Function Test; FAS: Functional Assessment Scale; : Time; UEFM-M: upper extremity Fugl-Meyer motor; LP: Lateral Pinch; PP: Palmer Pinch; 3JC: Three Jaw Chuck; ARAT: Action Research Arm Test; MAL: Motor Activity Log; AOU: Amount of Use; HW: How Well; LLFDI: Late Life Function and Disability Index; ROM: Range of Motion; sec: seconds; mm: millimeters; m/s: meters per second; SICI: short intracortical inhibition; MEP: motor evoked potential; % MSO: percentage of maximum stimulator output; rMT: resting motor threshold.
