Study
ref. no.
Data source Sample Outcome Time of measure Severity controlled Results
valueComment Horner et al., 2003 [11 ] Patients hospitalized in 9 VAMCs 1995–1997 738 (31.2% Black) Rankin Admit-D/C Yes Improvement after 3 days of rehab 0.007 Low income Blacks had worse recovery; delay in rehab initiation had greater impact on Blacks Moorthy et al., 2004 [16 ] Patients in IP rehab ‡ Black: 56 FIM Admit-D/C No Improvement at D/C‡ Blacks: 7.1 NR Small statistically significant differences in FIM gain scores among ethnic groups Bhandari et al., 2005 [17 ] Patients in community based IP rehab facility Black: 419 FIM D/C-3 months No Improvement at D/C Blacks with less improvement but more likely to be discharged home Nichols-Larsen et al., 2005 [18 ] EXCITE trial White: 153 SIS 3–9 months after stroke No Non-Whites reported lower HRQOL in the physical domain 0.003 Keng et al., 2005 [19 ] Patients in urban community hospital ‡ Black: 83 ∞ White: 20 FIM Admit-D/C No Improvement at D/C FIM gain higher for Hispanic and Caucasian but only significant between Hispanics and Blacks (
) Chiou-Tan et al., 2006 [20 ] UDSMR data 2000–2003 Black: 83 FIM Admit-D/C No Improvement at D/C Blacks with higher scores on admission (68.89), compared to Whites (66.50) and Hispanics (58.89) (
) Hinson et al., 2007 [21 ] Patients seen at outpatient medical center Black: 66
, Admit No Walking velocity
Reported as Ottenbacher et al., 2008 [22 ] UDSMR data; IP rehab in 2002-2003 Black: 25,334 FIM Admit-D/C No D/C FIM† † † † 0.01 † 0.01 Differences in functional status across race groups were related to age. White was reference group. Hinojosa et al., 2009 [23 ] Veterans in the US and Puerto Rico ‡ Black: 30 ∞ White: 42 FIM D/C No D/C motor FIM 0.000 In HLM models and controlling for time, Blacks had average FIM 4.66 points higher than Whites (
) and Puerto Ricans had FIM 5.64 points lower than Whites (
) Horn et al., 2010 [24 ] Six US inpatient rehabilitation facilities Black: 239 FIM Admit-D/C No Improvement at D/C Moderate and severe strokes analyzed separately Deutscher et al., 2010 [25 ] Six US inpatient rehabilitation facilities Black: 239 FIM Admit-D/C No Blacks with lower discharge FIM (In OLS models using patient variables, nontherapy ancillaries, and use of PT/OT) 0.015 Liu et al., 26 ] Medicare assessment and claims data Black: 33,639 FIM: 12 Admit-D/C No Blacks had lower functional status than Whites after adjusting for covariates NR Putnam et al., 2010 [27 ] Six US inpatient rehabilitation facilities ‡ Blacks: 239 FIM Admit-D/C No Improvement at D/C Significant differences among those with severe stroke; no differences among moderate stroke Roth et al., 2011 [28 ] Patients enrolled in REGARDS study Blacks: 40 BI Admit-1 year No Race-Adjusted Coefficients Blacks showed greater deficits on multiple 1-year outcome measures Wang et al., 2011 [29 ] Inpatient rehabilitation hospital 1908 FIM Admit-D/C No Improvement at D/C Moderate and severe strokes analyzed separately Rabadi et al., 2012 [30 ] Acute stroke rehabilitation unit Black: 115 FIM Admit-D/C No Improvement at D/C 0.028 No significant differences noted in total FIM, FIM-ADL, or motor FIM Berges et al., 2012 [31 ] 11 US IP facilities Black: 150 FIM Admit-D/C No Improvement at D/C No significant racial differences on admission
