Aqueous Nanofluid as a Two-Phase Coolant for PWR

Figure 4

Brillouin bands of liquid (a) and solid (b) water [26]; here the zero energy of electrons corresponds to the top of valence band and red dotted lines are Fermi levels, 𝜀_Fl and 𝜀_Fs, of electrons in liquid and solid water with corresponding band gaps, 𝜀_gl and 𝜀_gs.

(a)

(b)