Aqueous Nanofluid as a Two-Phase Coolant for PWR

Table 1

The enhancement of water thermal conductivity by fractal nanoparticles.

	Al2O3			Al			Cu			Carbon fiber
𝐷	3.0	2.7	2.5	3.0	2.7	2.5	3.0	2.7	2.5	3.0	2.7	2.5
2𝑎/𝑑	—	0.02	0.1	—	0.02	0.1	—	0.02	0.1	—	0.02	0.1
𝛼	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.001	0.001	0.001	0	0	0
(𝜆0/(𝜆−1))/𝜑	2.87	8.35	7.56	2.98	8.68	7.86	2.99	5.37	17.6	3.0	8.73	17.7