An Evaluation Methodology Development and Application Process for Severe Accident Safety Issue Resolution

Table 2

Mapping of key severe accident phenomena to test programs.

Key phenomena	Test program
(1) Thermal-hydraulic and fuel rod degradation; (i) Stored energy; (ii) Decay heat; (iii) Oxidation
	CORA (FZK) [7]; PBF SFD tests (INL) [8]
	(2) Core melt progression; (i) Zr melt breakout temperature; (ii) Fuel rod collapse temperature; (iii) Core material melt temperatures	PHEBUS (CEA) [9, 10]; QUENCH (FZK) [12]; LOFT (OECD) [13]
(3) Core melt relocation to lower head; (i) Melt relocation heat transfer coefficient	Lower head failure program (NRC) [14]
(4) In-vessel oxide/metal separation	RASPLAV/MASCA (OECD) [15]
(5) Crust formation and failure; (i) Gap heat transfer	Super-critical water reactor material property evaluations (INL) [16]
(6) In-vessel debris formation; (i) Heat transfer within fuel debris beds	TMI-2 vessel investigation project (OECD) [17, 18]
(7) External reactor vessel cooling	SNL LHF program (SNL) [19]
(8) RPV failure modes; (i) Local and global lower head/vessel failure; (ii) Material properties; (iii) Thermal radiation exchange
(9) In-vessel steam (research overlaps with (14) below); (i) Premixing; (ii) Quenching; (iii) Propagation	FARO (JRC, Ispra) [20]; KROTOS (JRC, Ispra) [21]; TROI (KAERI) [22]
(10) High pressure melt ejection; (i) Particle size; (ii) Obstructions	DCH/TDS/LFP/WC (SNL) [23–27]; IET-Zion/IET-surry/U (SNL/ANL) [28, 29]; CWTI (ANL) [31]; DCH (FAI) [32]
(11) Steam/hydrogen transport; (i) Containment transition to single convective volume	HDR (Germany) [33]
	NUPEC large scale test facility (MITI, Japan) [34]
	Battelle model containment (USA) [35]
(12) Hydrogen recombination; (i) PAR efficiency	Large scale vented containment test facility (Canada/AECL) [36]
	Battelle model containment (Germany/Battelle) [37]
	KALI (CEA) [38]
	H2PAR (CEA) [39]
(13) Hydrogen combustion; (i) Autoignition temperaturez	Large view (University of Pisa) [40]
	AECL interconnected vessels (Canada/AECL) [40]
	Large-scale vented containment test facility(Canada/AECL) [40]
	Battelle model containment (BMC) (Germany/Battelle) [40]
	PHDR (Germany/FZK) [40]
	NUPEC large-scale test facility (Japan) [36, 40]
		RUT (Russian Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”) [40]
(14) ex-vessel steam (research overlaps with (9) above); (i) Premixing; (ii) Quenching; (iii) Propagation	FARO (JRC, Ispra) [20]KROTOS (JRC, Ispra) [21]; TROI (KAERI) [22]
(15) Molten core-concrete interactions and melt spreading	BETA (FZK) [41]
	ACE (ANL); MACE (ANL); OECD-MCCI [42–48]
	BALI (CEA Grenoble) [49]
	BALISE (CEA Grenoble) [50]
	CORESA (SNT, FANP) [51, 52]
	CIT (EU-FW5) [53]
	KAPOOL (FZK) [54]
	MET-1 (ANL) [55]
	CORINE (CEA) [56]
	KATS (FZK) [57]
	COMAS (SNU) COMAS-EU (SNU) [58]
	VULCANO (CEA) [59]
	FARO (JRC-Ispra) [60]
	RIT-spreading (RIT, Stockholm) [61]
(16) Ex-vessel core debris stabilization (flooding and basemat  cooling)	OECD-MCCI (ANL) [62]
	ECOKATS-2 (FZK) [63]
	BENSON CHF-tests (AREVA NP) [64]