Abstract
This paper presents a modified harmonic balance solution method incorporated with Vieta’s substitution technique for nonlinear multimode damped beam vibration. The aim of the modification in the solution procedures is to develop the analytic formulations, which are used to calculate the vibration amplitudes of a nonlinear multimode damped beam without the need of nonlinear equation solver for the nonlinear algebraic equations generated in the harmonic balance processes. The result obtained from the proposed method shows reasonable agreement with that from a previous numerical integration method. In general, the results can show the convergence and prove the accuracy of the proposed method.
1. Introduction
Over the past decades, many solution methods were developed for various engineering modelling problems (e.g., [1–4]). The two well-known solution methods, the perturbation method and multiple scale method (e.g., [5–7]), are widely adopted. In these two methods, coupled nonlinear algebraic equations are generated and required to be solved by nonlinear equation solver. There are two harmonic balance methods also widely employed (i.e., total harmonic balance method and incremental harmonic balance method, e.g., [8, 9]). They also generate coupled nonlinear algebraic equations in the harmonic balance processes. In the previous works [10, 11], the multilevel residue harmonic balance method was modified from the total harmonic balance method and developed for nonlinear vibrations. Although the accuracies of these solutions were good and verified by other solution methods, it was quite time consuming to develop the nonlinear equation solver for those nonlinear algebraic equations generated in the solution procedures. On the other hand, there have been numerous beam/plate related research problems solved using various numerical and classical methods (e.g., [12–15]). That is the motivation in this study to develop the analytic formulations to calculate the vibration responses of a nonlinear multimode beam without using a nonlinear equation solver for the nonlinear algebraic equations generated in the harmonic balance procedures. The proposed method is modified from the previous harmonic balance method and incorporated with Vieta’s substitution technique. Using the analytic calculation formulations, the results can be obtained without the need of nonlinear equation solver.
2. Governing Equation
The governing equation of motion of nonlinear vibration of the Euler-Bernoulli theory is as follows [16]:where is longitudinal coordinate and is transverse displacement.,, and are 1st, 2nd, and 4th derivatives with respect to , respectively; and are 1st and 2nd derivatives with respect to time, . is length, is thickness, is Young’s modulus × cross-sectional area, is material density per unit length, and is external harmonic excitation. For uniformly distributed excitation, , = excitation magnitude, is a dimensionless excitation parameter, ms−2., and is excitation frequency.
Then the governing equation is discretized using the modal reduction approach, where is the modal amplitude of the th mode, is the th structural mode shape, and is number of modes used.
Consider substituting (2) into (1) and multiplying to it and taking integration over the beam lengthwhere, , , , and is modal force. For uniformly distributed excitation,.
If the beam is simply supported, then and = for . Then, (3) can be reduced into the following form: where and is the natural frequency of the th mode.
3. Modified Solution Procedure Using Vieta’s Substitution
The solution form of the modal amplitudes is given by [10, 17]where is an embedding parameter; , , and are the zero, 1st, and 2nd level modal amplitude solutions.
By inputting (5) into (4), consider those terms associated with and set up the zero level governing equationswhere and the first, second, and third subscripts in are the mode number, zero level, and 1st harmonic number; is the zero level residual.
For simplicity, letThen, put (7a)-(7b) into (6) Consider the harmonic balance of in (7a):When the damped vibration is considered, the zero level modal vibration amplitude is rewritten from (9) and its complex form is given by Then, (10a) can be rewritten asConsider a polynomial form where, for simplicity, let , ; is damping ratio, and is nonlinear peak frequency (note that, in case of linear vibration, ; ; ; ; ; .
Using the substitution of , (10c) can be further simplified as where; ; (i.e., Vieta’s substitution [18]). Equation (10c) can be rewritten as If is considered as an independent unknown, (12) is a “modified” quadratic equation. Hence, the analytic formula for the solutions can be obtained without the need of nonlinear equation solver. Then, the 1st level governing equation can be set up by inputting (5) into (4) and picking up those terms associated with :where=.
Note that has been found from the zero level solution procedure. Thus, and in (13), which are in terms of , are known. Therefore, (13) is a linear equation.
Consider the harmonic balances of and in (13) to set up two algebraic linear equations As (14a)-(14b) are linear, the unknown modal amplitudes and can be found analytically.
Again, the 2nd level governing equation can be set up by inputting (5) into (4) and picking up those terms associated with :where .
Note that and have been found from the 1st level solution procedure. Thus, and in (15), which are in terms of and , are known. Therefore, (15) is a linear differential equation.
Consider the harmonic balances of , , and in (15) to set up three algebraic linear equations: As (16a)–(16c) are linear, the unknown modal amplitudes , , and can be found analytically. Similarly, the th level governing equations can be set up by inputting (5) into (4) and picking up those terms associated with and consider the higher level solution formThen, consider the harmonic balances of to set up the linear algebraic equations and solve for the unknown modal amplitudes .
Finally, the overall amplitude and overall modal amplitude are defined as where is mode number (i.e., ), is solution level (i.e., ), and is harmonic number (i.e., ).
4. Results and Discussions
In this section, the material properties of the simply supported beams in the numerical cases are considered as follows: Young’s modulus = 71 × 109 N/m2, mass density = 2700 kg/m3, beam dimensions = 0.5 m × 0.2 m × 5 mm, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, and damping ratio = 0.02. Tables 1(a)-1(b) show the convergence studies of normalized beam vibration amplitude for various excitation magnitudes and frequencies. The two-mode approach is adopted. The harmonic excitation is uniformly distributed. The 2nd level solutions are normalized as one hundred. It is shown that the 1st level solutions are accurate enough for the excitation frequency range from 0.5 to 6 and excitation parameter from to 25. The differences between the zero level and 2nd level solutions are bigger when the excitation level or excitation frequency is higher. It is implied that the higher harmonic components in the vibration responses are more important when the excitation level or excitation frequency is higher. Tables 2(a)-2(b) show the contributions of the first three symmetric modes for various excitation magnitudes and frequencies. It can be seen that the 2 mode solutions are accurate enough for the excitation frequency range from 0.5 to 6 and excitation parameter from = 1 to 25. For the excitation frequency near or less than the 1st resonant frequency, the 1st mode response is dominant. It is implied that the single mode solution is accurate enough. When the excitation frequency is set higher and closer to the 2nd resonant frequency, the 2nd mode contribution is more significant. Figures 1(a)-1(b) show the frequency-amplitude curves for two excitation cases (one is uniformly distributed, ; the other is . It can be seen that the modified harmonic balance solutions well agree with those obtained from the numerical integration method used in [11]. The well-known jump phenomenon can be seen at the 1st peak. There are only small deviations observations around and . In Figure 1(a), the 2nd resonant peak looks like more linear (no jump phenomenon) because the 2nd modal force is quite small. Thus, it can be considered as linear vibration. In Figure 1(b), the 2nd modal force is set higher to induce the jump phenomenon. Figure 2 shows the overall vibration amplitude plotted against the excitation frequency for various excitation levels. The excitation function is . The jump phenomenon is seen at each peak of the three excitation cases, except the 2nd peak of . Besides, there is a very small damped nonlinear peak observed around due to the high excitation level or high nonlinearity. Figures 3(a)–3(c) show the 1st level residues remained at the 1st and 2nd modal equations for various excitation frequencies. It can be seen that the residues are monotonically increasing with the excitation parameter; the residues in the 1st modal equation are bigger than those in the 2nd modal equation, and the residues of are the highest among the three cases while the residues of (the excitation frequency is in between the two resonant frequencies) are the smallest. In general, the results have shown the converged solutions and proven the accuracy of the proposed method.
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5. Conclusions
In this study, the analytic solution steps for nonlinear multimode beam vibration using a modified harmonic balance approach and Vieta’s substitution have been developed. Using the proposed method, the nonlinear multimode beam vibration results can be generated without the need of nonlinear equation solver. The standard simply supported beam case has been considered in the simulation. The solution convergences and modal contributions have been checked. The theoretical result obtained from the proposed method shows reasonable agreement with that from the previous numerical integration method.
Conflict of Interests
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgment
The work described in this paper was fully supported by a grant from City University of Hong Kong (Project no. 7004362/ACE).