The PCR-Based Diagnosis of Central Nervous System Tuberculosis: Up to Date

Table 1

Performance of PCR-based assays for the diagnosing TBM.

Author	Reported year	Assay technique	Specimens and cases	% Sensitivity	% Specificity	Reference
		Commercially available; NAA assays
Bonington et al.	1998	Roche amplicor PCR	83 CSF/69 patients (40 TBM, 29 non-TBM): South Africa	60	100	[6]
Lang et al.	1998	Modified Gen-Probe MTD	84 CSF and children (24 TBM, 60 non-TBM): Dominica	83	100	[7]
Bonington et al.	2000	Roche Cobas Amplicor PCR	83 CSF/69 patients (40 TBM, 29 non-TBM): South Africa	17.5	100	[8]
Chedore and Jamieson	2002	Gen-Frobe MTD	311 CSF: Canada	^†93.8	^†99.3	[9]
Pai et al.	2003	Review and Meta-Analysis	14 studies with commercial NAA assays	56	98	[10]
Thwaites et al.	2004	Gen-Probe MTD	341 CSF/152 patients (73 TBM, 79 non TBM): Vietnam	38	99	[11]
Cloud et a1.	2004	Modified Gen-Probe MTD	27 CSF specimens spiked with M. tuberculosis	17–100	100	[12]
		Other PCR-based assays
Kaneko et al.	1990	MPT64 single PCR	26 CSF and patients (6 TBM, 20 non-TBM): Japan	83.3	100	[13]
Shanker et al.	1991	MFT64 single PCR	85 CSF and patients (34 TBM, 51 non-TBM): India	65	88	[14]
Donald et a1.	1993	IS6110 single PCR	43 CSF/20 TBM chidren: South Africa	80	—	[15]
Lee et al.	1994	IS6110/65kDa antigen/MFT64 Single FCR	27 CSF and patients (6 TBM, 21 non-TBM): Singapore	100/83/83	38/67/90	[16]
Liu et al.	1994	MFT64 nested PCR	100 CSF and patients (21 TBM, 79 non-TBM): Taiwan	90	100	[17]
Folgueira et al.	1994	IS6110 single PCR	25 AIDS patients (11 TBM, 14 non-TBM): Spain	82	100	[18]
Scarpellini et al.	1995	IS6110 nested PCR	68 CSF/36 AIDS patients (12 TBM, 24 non-TBM): Italy	100	100	[19]
Lin et al.	1995	MFT64 single PCR	47 CSF/45 patients (18 TBM, 27 non-TBM): Taiwan	70	100	[20]
Kox et al.	1995	IS6110 single PCR	42 patients (24 TBM, 18 non-TBM): The Netherlands	48	100	[21]
Nguyen, et a1.	1996	IS6110 single PCR	136 TBM patients: Vietnam	32	100	[22]
Seth et a1.	1996	MFT64 single PCR	89 CSF and patients (40 TBM, 49 non-TBM): India	85	94	[23]
Wei et al.	1999	IS6110/65kDa antigen/MTF40 multiplex nested PCR	11 CSF and patients (5 TBM, 6 non-TBM): China	60	66	[24]
Caws et al.	2000	IS6110 nested PCR	131 TBM patients: United Kingdom	^†75	^†94	[25]
Martins et al.	2000	MFT64 nested FCR	73 specimens (30 PF, 26 PB, 17 CSF): Brazil	^†70	^†88	[26]
Brienza et al.	2001	MPT64 nested PCR	91 patients (41 TBM, 50 non-TBM): Brazil	53	100	[27]
Narayanan et al.	2001	IS6110/TRC4 single PCR	96 CSF and patients (67 TBM, 29 non-TBM): India	80.5/91	79/76	[28]
Desai et al.	2002	pKSIO single PCR	120 CSF and patients (105 TBM, 15 non-TBM): India	31	100	[29]
Rafi and Naghily	2003	Single PCR (target not available)	36 CSF and patients (29 TBM, 6 non-TBM): Iran	86.2	100	[30]
Kulkarni et a1.	2005	38 kDa protein single PCR	60 CSF and patients (30 TBM, 30 non-TBM): India	90	100	[31]
Takahashi et al.	2005	MPT64 nested PCR	29 CSF and patients (9 TBM, 20 non-TBM): Japan	100	100	[32]
Takahashi and Nakayama	2006	MPT64 QNRT-PCR	29 CSF and patients (9 TBM, 20 non-TBM): Japan	100	100	[33]
Quan et a1.	2006	IS61 10 single PCR	74 CSF and patients (25 TBM, 49 non-TBM): China	75	93.7	[34]
Desai et al.	2006	Single PCR (target not available)	57 CSF and patients (30 TBM, 27 non-TBM): India	66.7	100	[35]
Rafi et al.	2007	IS6110 single PCR, MPT64/65kDa antigen nested PCR	176 CSF and patients (75 TBM, 101 non-TBM): India	98/91/51	100/91/92	[36]
Rafi and Naghilys	2007	IS6110 uniplex (single) PCR	945 CSF and patients (677 TBM, 268 non-TBM): India	76.4	89.2	[37]
Takahashi et al.	2007	MPT64 QNRT-PCR	63 CSF/28 patients (8 TBM, 20 non-TBM): Japan	55.8	100	[38]
Deshpande et a1.	2007	IS6110 Single PCR	80 CSF and patients (51 TBM, 29 non-TBM): India	91.4	75.9	[39]
Takahashi et al.	2008	MPT64 WR-QNRT-PCR	96 CSF/53 patients (24 TBM, 29 non-TBM): Japan	95.8	100	[40, 41]
Haldar et al.	2009	devR qRT-PCR	167 CSF and patients (81 TBM, 86 non-TBM): India	87.6	92	[42]

NAA: nucleic acid amplification, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, PF: pleural fluids, PB: pleural biopsies, QNRT-PCR: quantitative nested real-time PCR,WR-QNRT-PCR: wide range quantitative nested real-time PCR, pRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR, ^†: results versus culture as gold standard.