Mycobacterial Etiology of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Association with HIV Infection and Multidrug Resistance in Northern Nigeria

Table 3

Unadjusted analysis comparing cases with resistance to isoniazid alone, rifampicin alone, both (MDR-TB), and those with any resistance to those without any drug resistance among participants receiving care at two TB treatment sites in northern Nigeria.

Characteristics	Isoniazid resistance only			Rifampicin resistance only			MDR-TB resistance			ANY resistance			NO resistance
	𝑛=13			𝑛=5			𝑛=5			𝑛=23			𝑛=352
	𝑁 (%)	Odds ratio,; 95% CI	𝑃 value	𝑁 (%)	Odds ratio,; 95% CI	𝑃 value	𝑁 (%)	Odds ratio,; 95% CI	𝑃 value	𝑁 (%)	Odds ratio,; 95% CI	𝑃 value	[Reference category]
HIV infection	7 (53.9)	3.44, 1.12–10.53	0.047	3 (60.0)	4.35, 0.71–26.90	0.110	2 (40.0)	2.01, 0.33–12.02	0.605	12 (52.2)	3.22, 1.40–7.63	0.008	89 (25.3)
Prior TB treatment	5 (38.5)	4.45, 1.38–14.26	0.018	1 (20.0)	1.79, 0.18–16.36	0.485	2 (40.0)	4.71, 0.82–29.44	0.122	8 (34.8)	3.81, 1.49–9.45	0.008	43 (12.2)
Majority Hausa-Fulani; ethnic group	13 (100)		0.044	4 (80.0)	1.32, 0.12–11.73	1.000	1 (20.0)	0.14, 0.01–0.72	0.016	18 (78.3)	1.20, 0.41–3.20	1.000	266 (75.6)
Female sex	2 (15.4)	1.19, 0.41–3.87	0.768	2 (40.0)	1.30, 0.21–8.02	1.000	1 (20.0)	0.41, 0.13–4.52	0.669	8 (34.8)	1.13, 0.36–2.62	1.000	118 (33.5)
Site A (Zaria)	12 (92.3)	2.29, 0.32–18.23	0.701	3 (60.0)	0.33, 0.01–1.78	0.192	5 (100)		1.00	20 (86.7)	1.35, 0.43–4.49	1.000	295 (83.8)
Alcohol consumption	0 (0.0)		0.137	1 (20.0)	1.22, 0.11–10.76	1.000	3 (60.0)	7.10, 1.19–43.55	0.042	4 (17.4)	1.00, 0.30–3.01	1.000	61 (17.3)
Diabetes mellitus	1 (7.7)	1.84, 0.22–14.49	0.462	0 (0.0)		1.000	2 (40.0)	15.89, 2.51–102.90	0.018	3 (13.0)	3.59, 0.91–13.53	0.079	14 (4.0)
Cigarette smoking	2 (15.4)	0.52, 0.14–2.22	0.527	3 (60.0)	3.88, 0.61–24.03	0.136	3 (60.0)	3.92, 0.61–24.00	0.136	8 (34.8)	1.41, 0.60–3.42	0.475	97 (27.6)

MDR-TB: multidrug resistant tuberculosis (resistance to both isoniazid and rifampicin).
ANY resistance: Resistance to isoniazid, rifampicin, or both; NO resistance: not resistant to either isoniazid or rifampicin.
*Odds ratio estimation not possible due to zero frequency cells.