http://www.hindawi.comThe latest articles from Hindawi Publishing Corporation© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/2009/494537.htmlThe effect of deposition environment conditions on the electrical and structural properties of deposited PbI2 layers were studied. The layers were deposited from solution under dark and room light illumination with and without applying magnetic field. XRD, electrical, and photo-electrical properties were measured at room temperature. An increase in the grain size versus the platelet area was noticed.The electrical properties revealed a dependence on deposition conditions. Dark conductivity increases from 1.7×10−10 to 5×10−9 (Ωcm)-1 when deposition was carried out in darkness. A gain factor (the ratio between photoconductivity and dark conductivity) of (23) was obtained. The results indicate that the increase in electrical conductivity is mainly due to the plane 001, where the average number of grain boundaries in this plane sharply decreases when deposition takes place in darkness. On the other hand, the increase in photoconductivity could be due to the decrease in the recombination of free carriers along the grain boundaries.Ali M. Mousa and Natheer J. Al-rubaie© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/2009/237485.htmlCrystallographic texture is described by pole figures. In this paper, we continue to study experimental pole figure errors. In other words it can be named pole figure measurement errors. These errors are connected with the experimental procedure and do not depend on any further computations. In our previous works it was shown that the qualitative behaviour of pole figure measurement errors is similar to peak width determination errors. To check this conclusion a set of diffraction spectra were measured for Mg + 4.5%Al + 1%Zn sample on the spectrometer for quantitative texture analysis (SKAT) at FLNP, JINR, Dubna. Then we simulated the individual spectra and used these spectra for the pole figure extraction and the pole figure error determination. Such simulation enabled to confirm conclusions concerning the main role of the peak width determination error in the pole figure error. Additionally, we simulated individual spectra using model pole figures and extracted pole figures and pole figures errors from those spectra. For this case we also confirmed the same qualitative behaviour of pole figure measurement errors and peak width determination errors. The model pole figures were calculated on the basis of normal distributions.T. A. Lychagina, D. I. Nikolayev, and F. Wagner© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/2008/124056.htmlClaude Esling, Günter Gottstein, Richard Penelle, and Werner Skrotzki© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/2008/360617.htmlAt the prospect of a lightening of the automobile structures, welded spots have been realized on a stacking of two sheets (a 6008 aluminum alloy on steel) Friction Stir Spot welding (FSSW). Different process parameters have been tested, but only the influence of the dwell time will be described in the present paper. The dwell time corresponds to the time during which the probe stays in rotation at its bottom location before extracting. A study of the microstructures and textures associated to mechanical tests (tensile shear tests) allowed determining the best set of welding parameters. The recrystallized area around the welding spot has been characterized by electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). A mechanism of continuous dynamic recrystallization has been identified since the misorientation of subboundaries increases close to the weld, and this is for all the dwell times tested. Elsewhere, the increase of the dwell time induced a larger recrystallized zone. It has also been found that a long dwell time induced a larger welded area but also a higher quantity of intermetallic compounds (especially FeAl, Fe2Al7, and FeAl2) with high-microhardness values (up to 800 Hv). Thus, the dwell time must not exceed a certain value, otherwise it can weaken the weld.S. Bozzi, A. L. Etter, T. Baudin, A. Robineau, and J. C. Goussain© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/2008/173083.htmlMethods of modern quantitative texture analysis are applied in order to characterize the crystallographic texture of various non-oriented electrical steel grades in view of their relation with the magnetic properties of the steel sheet. A texture parameter is defined which quantifies the density of ‹100› easy magnetic directions in the sheet planes. An extensive correlation study revealed the relation of this parameter with the hysteresis losses, determined at an induction of 1.5 T, and with the induction measured at an applied external field of 25 A/cm. It is shown that the latter magnetic property is the more texture dependent, whereas the former one is more sensitive to the grain size of the steel. Also various strategies for texture control are critically reviewed. It is shown that the conventional manufacturing process only provides poor tools for optimizing the texture of the final product. In order to obtain a quantum-leap improvement of the magnetic quality of the texture, in combination with other important microstructural features, nonstandard processing strategies are required, such as cross-rolling, two-stage cold rolling, or surface annealing.Leo Kestens and Sigrid Jacobs© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/2008/349854.htmlA 12 T magnetic field has been applied to the annealing process of a 0.81%C-Fe (wt.%). It is found that the magnetic field shifts the eutectoid carbon content from 0.77 wt.% to 0.83 wt.%. The statistical thermodynamic calculations were performed to calculate the eutectoid temperature change by the magnetic field. Calculation shows that the increase of the eutectoid temperature by a 12 T field is 29∘C. Synchrotron radiation measurements were performed to measure the pole figures of the samples and were analyzed by MAUD to determine the bulk texture of the ferrite phase In the field-treated and non field-treated samples. Results show that although there is no specific preferred orientation appearing by applying the magnetic field, slight enhancement of (001) fiber component occurs in both the sample normal direction (ND) and the transverse direction (TD). This effect might be related to the magnetic dipolar interaction between Fe atoms in the transverse field direction.Y.D. Zhang, C. Esling, M. Calcagnotto, M.L. Gong, H. Klein, X. Zhao, and L. Zuo© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/2008/294508.htmlA newly developed laser powered heating stage for commercial SEMs in combination with automated established electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data acquisition is presented. This novel experimental setup can be used to achieve more information about microstructure and orientation changes during grain growth, recrystallization, recovery, and phase transformations. First results on the α−γ−α phase transformation in steel within 886∘C–900∘C are presented.I. Lischewski, D. M. Kirch, A. Ziemons, and G. Gottstein© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/2008/328754.htmlThe texture of ultrafine-grained Al alloy AA6016 produced by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) has been measured by neutron diffraction. The starting texture consists of a strong cube component. During ARB, this texture breaks down and a texture typical for rolling of face-centered cubic metals with high stacking fault energy develops. The texture after 8 ARB cycles is characterised by the β-fiber with the Cu component dominating. Moreover, the rotated cube component is formed. This component is typical for simple shear, which takes place during rolling on the surfaces of the sheets. Based on the Taylor factor and calculated Lankford parameter, the mechanical anisotropy of the advanced metal sheets is discussed.Werner Skrotzki, Ingwar Hünsche, Juliane Hüttenrauch, C.-G. Oertel, Heinz-Günter Brokmeier, Heinz Werner Höppel, and Irena Topic© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/182458.abs.htmlU. Schläfer and H. J. Bunge© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/212564.abs.htmlQuantitative studies of textures developed in compressed iron–0.02%C and iron–0.14%C alloys before and after annealing have allowed theoretical predictions based on homogeneous plasticity theory to be assessed. It is concluded that qualitatively the theory is very good but predicts rates of texture development rather higher than those observed. The prediction of the theory that orientations on a line joining [110] and [411] should have a tendency to split into two components on deformation and form transition bands, which may be important in nucleating recrystallisation, has been confirmed by the results of the annealing experiments.I. L. Dillamore, H. Katoh, and K. Haslam© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1972/245196.abs.htmlA test of the refinement procedure for improving the crystallite orientation distribution function is presented for a fiber texture sample of polyethylene terephthalate. This is a particularly difficult example because the triclinic unit cell offers no simplification due to symmetry, and the pole figures are sharply peaked. The analysis employed 17 observed pole figures and an additional 29 unobserved pole figures reconstructed from the crystallite orientation distribution function. After three cycles of refinement, in which the maximum value of the coefficient was increased from 6 to 16, the standard deviations, σq and σw, of the plane-normal and crystallite orientation distributions were reduced by about a factor of 3. The refined crystallite orientation distribution function indicates that the c-axis tends to align along the fiber axis for this polyethylene terephthalate sample.W. R. Krigbaum and Anna Marie Harkins Vasek© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1972/246946.abs.htmlA method has been described to represent orientations and orientation distributions of cubic crystals by means of a 3-dimensional orientation space which is formed by the repeatedly discussed rotation coordinates (axis and angle of rotation). Special emphasis has been given to the problem of multi-valency of the representation due to the cubic symmetry, to the description of scattering around an ideal orientation and to the numerical evaluation of these orientation coordinates by means of rotation matrices.Gerhard Ibe and Kurt Lücke© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/248593.abs.htmlJaakko Kajamaa© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1972/265363.abs.htmlThree-dimensional orientation distribution functions were calculated from neutron diffraction pole figures of unwound cylinders taken at different distances from the centre of cold drawn Al-wires. Their features change from the axially symmetric type at the very centre of the wire towards a texture near to the rolling type at the surface. Relations between the three-dimensional function and ordinary fibre texture pole figures were used to study the dependence of the textures on certain processing variables for cold drawn as well as recrystallized wires.U. Schläfer and H. J. Bunge© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/296350.abs.htmlE. Ilkhani and P. Paulitsch© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/326129.abs.htmlThe variations of the fourth-order coefficients of the crystallite orientation distribution function, with rolling reduction have been determined after cold-rolling and annealing for a deep-drawing quality rimming steel and an aluminium-killed steel. These coefficients influence drawability and earing behaviour and by the manipulation of the coefficients in the distribution function of a 60% cold-rolled and annealed rimming steel, a hypothetical non-earing sheet texture has been derived. By comparison with the actual sheet texture those textural components which most affect earing behaviour are identified.G. J. Davies, D. J. Goodwill, and J. S. Kallend© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/345746.abs.htmlThe three-dimensional orientation distribution was calculated from neutron diffraction pole figures for a copper 27.2% zinc alloy cold rolled to different degrees of deformation. The results agree qualitatively with those of other authors. There are however differences in the quantitative respect which influence the conclusions to be drawn. For rolling degrees lower than about 70% the texture exhibits an orientation tube similar to that of the copper type, but with a significantly different distribution along the tube axis. For rolling degrees larger than 70% the texture can be described by the orientation {110}〈112〉. The deformation is assumed to occur according to the Wassermann model and the Hu model respectively in these two ranges.J. Tobisch and A. Mücklichf© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/349017.abs.htmlThe rolling texture of Cu3Au has been investigated by X-ray diffraction. At room temperature, independently of the degree of long-range order, Cu3Au developed a mixed or “hybrid” texture; it consisted of elements of each of the prototype face-centered cubic textures characterized by pure copper and 70/30 brass. However, on rolling at 77 K the alloy in the disordered state was significantly more “brass-like” than when it was fully ordered. This result may be explained by a stacking fault energy texture reversal analogous to that observed in wire drawing at low SFE. The lack of twinning (or other deformation mechanism such as slip by partial dislocations) in the ordered alloy could be responsible for this reversal.R. A. Vandermeer and J. C. Ogle© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/369815.abs.htmlThe present paper describes a computer program for the automatic tracing of new stereographic nets aimed at the description of pole figures.A. Vadon, D. Ruer, and R. Bäro© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/380237.abs.htmlThe preferred orientations in hot-rolled, cold-rolled (70 % reduction), and annealed low-carbon steels (capped and aluminium-killed grades) have been investigated. Particular attention has been paid to the factors that control texture formation during annealing.R. L. Every and M. Hatherly© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/450894.abs.htmlThe development of the rolling texture of a low carbon steel was investigated by neutron diffraction calculating three-dimensional orientation distribution functions. The textures consist of two limited fibre axis components A and B centered about (1¯1¯1)[1¯21]+5∘ and (001)[1¯10] respectively with an angle of rotation of about 70∘. For rolling degrees larger than 50% the intensity of the fibre axis component A is being modulated so as to favour the orientation (1¯1¯2)[1¯10]. The texture may be considered as inverse to the low concentration brass texture in the sense of interchanging rolling and normal directions. It may be understood in terms of {110}〈111〉—glide and {112}〈111〉—twinning.D. Schläfer and H. J. Bunge© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1972/461403.abs.htmlTwo grades of ferritic stainless steels (495 and 410.types) containing about 13 % chromium have been processed by cold rolling with intermediate and final anneals. The development of textures has been followed and the plastic anisotropy of the annealed sheet has been assessed. Processing conditions for the development of anisotropy favourable for deep drawing applications have been defined for the 405 type stainless steel. The evolution of the favourable {554} 〈225〉 texture component appears to be progressive throughout the processing. It is particularly well-developed after two moderate cold rolling reductions of about 70 % and a final anneal at 850–900°C. Differences between the 405 and 410 steels have been attributed to differences present in the early stages of processing.M. Yantaç, W. T. Roberts, and D. V. Wilson© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/485824.abs.htmlA system of FORTRAN programmes is being described which allows most of the standard problems of three-dimensional texture analysis to be easily carried out. It requires about 25 K memory space and it may easily be enlarged by incorporating further subroutines.J. Jura, J. Pospiech, and H. J. Bunge© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1972/593616.abs.htmlIn single and polycrystalline copper rolled to a reduction of 95 %, the topographic arrangements of crystallite orientations were determined over large areas by means of electron microscopy. Correlated data on orientation, diffraction site, and transmission pictures in three cross-sections perpendicular to the normal, rolling and transverse directions were obtained and evaluated. These results were complemented by X-ray studies of the texture. The rolled polycrystalline structure consists of roughly disc-shaped regions of uniform orientation which are fairly strongly misoriented with respect to each other. The planes of the discs lie paral.lel to the rolling plane. Within these regions of uniform orientation lie elongated subgrains extended in the longitudinal and transverse directions. In a surface layer of a few microns thickness the dryly rolled single crystals have essentially a (100)[011] texture. This is independent of the orientation of the interior of the material. The observed structures are discussed with respect to possible formation mechanisms.R. Gotthardt, G. Hoschek, O. Reimold, and F. Haessner© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1972/612480.abs.htmlThe crystallite orientation distribution analysis was applied to the study of the development of the rolling textures in low-carbon steels. It was found that the constraining effect of the grain boundary remarkably influences the rolling textures of polycrystalline iron. This enhances the crystal rotations, which would not be expected to occur in single crystals; and grains having the {110}〈112〉 orientations are forced to rotate about the 〈111〉axes lying in the sheet normal direction toward the {110}〈110〉 orientations. This is the origin of the 〈111〉 fiber texture normally found in the rolling textures of low-carbon steels. The presence of the partial fiber texture having the 〈111〉 axes inclined 30 deg from the sheet normal toward the rolling direction could not be confirmed.H. Inagaki and T. Suda© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1972/648631.abs.htmlOrientation distribution data are presented for low carbon steel and silicon iron after different rolling and annealing schedules. Magnetic properties which depend solely on orientation can be well described using such distributions. A general analysis is demonstrated by which other properties may be divided into two components which are respectively dependent and independent of orientation. An example of this, a.c. power loss, is considered in detail. It is shown that the orientation-dependence of power loss derives entirely from the hysteresis component. The classical eddy current loss together with an ‘anomalous’ loss of similar magnitude constitute the orientationin-dependent part. The analysis may be used to predict properties under a range of conditions in textured materials.W. B. Hutchinson and J. G. Swift© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1972/693408.abs.htmlAn X-ray fabric analysis of quartz grains from the Sambagawa crystalline schist, Japan, whose c-axis fabric (optically measured) was regarded as corresponding to an ultimate steady-state pattern of preferred orientation of c-axes developed by the approximately non-rotational two-dimensional strain under the Sambagawa metamorphicconditions, has been made by a texture goniometer for reflection. It has been clarified that [0001] and [101¯] directions are preferably oriented in the plane of the longest and shortest principal axes of the strain ellipsoid of mean strain of the system concerned and at the angles of ca. 35° and ca. 17° to the shortest principal axis respectively.Ikuo Hara and P. Paulitsch© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1972/738384.abs.htmlThe textures developed in magnesium, annealed after both hot and cold extrusion under essentially plane strain conditions, have been qualitatively accounted for in terms of the operative deformation modes. It is found that the main features of both textures are explained by the operation of {101¯2} and {101¯1} twinning together with basal slip, but there is an important component of the hot extrusion annealing texture not found in the cold extrusions texture which can only be explained by the action of {101¯0} or {101¯1} slip.I. L. Dillamore, P. Hadden, and D. J. Stratford© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1974/753983.abs.htmlA condensed review of casting, deformation, and annealing textures of polycrystalline metals and alloys is presented. It is intended to provide an informative but simplified reference for researchers, engineers, and students who are seeking quick information on the development of textures in various metal objects, and for those who are primarily interested in the textures of non-metallic materials, but wish to acquire a general background knowledge on the texture formation in metals.Hsun Hu© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tsm/1972/761543.abs.htmlNeutron diffraction proves advantageous as compared to X-ray diffraction in texture analysis because of the lower absorption coefficient for a broad variety of materials especially metals. The spherical sample method is recommended because it yields the most reliable results and it does not require great preparational efforts. The fundamental difference between the spherical sample method in X-ray and in neutron diffraction is discussed.J. Tobisch and H. J. Bunge© 2010, Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved.