A model of M1-MDM as “HIV-1-resistant macrophages.” (1) Downmodulation of CD4 and production of CCR5-binding chemokines that compete with gp120 Env for the ligation to the main viral entry coreceptor [23]. (2) Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis and proviral integration [23], (L. Cassetta et al. submitted). (3) Inhibition of proviral transcription (L. Cassetta et al., submitted). (4) Inhibition of HIV-1 protein synthesis [23], (L. Cassetta et al., submitted). (5) Inhibition of new particle assembly and release (hypothetical).
