Simple Syllabic Calls Accompany Discrete Behavior Patterns in Captive <i>Pteronotus parnellii</i>: An Illustration of the Motivation-Structure Hypothesis

<table>Amplitude envelopes (above) and spectrograms (below) of 16 different call types emitted by <i>P.  parnellii.  </i>An example of a composite of the single humped FM (sHFM) and short quasi-CF (QCFs) syllables, as well as a pair of echolocation pulses are also shown.  All sounds were digitized at 250 kHz (sampling rate) and band-pass-filtered between 5 and 100 kHz.  Spectrograms were produced using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) with a final time step of 1 ms. Amplitude range of frequency spectrum was 40 dB or higher.  Call examples include sounds emitted by<i> P. p. parnellii </i>and<i> P. p. rubiginosus</i>.  Figure adapted from [<a href="/journals/tswj/2012/128695/#B26">26</a>].</table>

The Scientific World Journal

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Figure 1: Simple Syllabic Calls Accompany Discrete Behavior Patterns in Captive <i>Pteronotus parnellii</i>: An Illustration of the Motivation-Structure Hypothesis 

Figure 1 | Simple Syllabic Calls Accompany Discrete Behavior Patterns in Captive Pteronotus parnellii: An Illustration of the Motivation-Structure Hypothesis 