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Studies (author, year) | Form of CBT offered (number of sessions and length) | Description of trauma | Participants and repartition by sex | PTSD diagnosis and severity assessment | Depression assessment | Number of assessments and timing |
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Hinton et al., 2009 [27] | Culturally Adapted CPT, immediate versus delayed treatment. Participants received 12 weekly sessions of adapted CPT, (duration not reported) | Type of trauma not specified | 24 Cambodians with a pharmacology-resistant PTSD. Participants passed through Cambodian genocide and were at least 6 years old at the beginning of the genocide. 60% of participants were women | PTSD severity assessed with Clinician Administered PTSD Scale or CAPS (CAPS; Weather et al., 2001) [44] validated within the Cambodian population. | None | 3 assessments for the immediate-treatment group and 2 for the delayed-treatment group. |
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Hinton et al. 2004 [17] | Culturally Adapted CPT versus control (delayed treatment) Each group followed 11 sessions (duration not reported) | Types of trauma not specified. | 12 Vietnamese participants affected to either Immediate treatment (IT) group or Delayed-treatment (DT) group. Women represent 50% of participants. | PTSD diagnosed with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID; First et al., 1995) [45]. PTSD severity assessed with the Havard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) translated and validated for the Vietnamese population (Mollica et al., 1992) [46]. | Hopkins Symptom CheckList-25 (HSCL-25) | 3: at pretreatment, after IT finished sessions of CPT and after DT had undergone CPT. |
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Hinton et al. 2005 [24] | Culturally Adapted CBT versus control (delayed treatment) Each group followed 12 weekly sessions (duration not reported) | Types of trauma not specified. | 40 Cambodian participants (survivors of the 1975–1979 Cambodian genocide) affected to either IT or DT groups. Women represent 60% of participants of each group. | PTSD diagnosed with SCID. PTSD severity assessed with CAPS validated within the Cambodian population. | Symptom Checklist-90-R’s depression subscale. | 4: at pretreatment, after IT finished CPT, after DT finished CPT and at 3 months posttreatment for both groups (followup). |
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Otto et al. 2003 [25] | Culturally Adapted CPT versus control (sertraline alone) Ten sessions (duration not reported) of CBT were delivered to the intervention group. | Types of trauma not specified. | 10 participants were allocated to pharmacotherapy alone or pharmacotherapy + psychotherapy. All participants were women. | PTSD diagnosed with SCID (First et al., 1995) [45]. PTSD severity was assessed with CAPS. PTSD subscales (re-experiencing, avoidance and arousal) were examined as separate outcome variables. | HSCL-25 validated for the Khmer population. | One: posttreatment |
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Bischescu et al., 2007 [28] | NET versus PED NET group received 4 weekly or biweekly sessions of 120 minutes each. Treatments were performed within a time period of 10 weeks. | Trauma was experienced during imprisonment. Types were not specified. | 18 participants (former political detainees) were allocated to either NET or PED. Distribution of participants’ sex was not reported. | Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; WHO, 1997) [47]. Patients were also asked to describe their specific symptoms or give examples during assessments. | Beck Depression scale (Beck, 1978; Beck and Steer, 1987) [48, 49]. | 2: before and after treatment (six months postintervention) |
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Neuner et al., 2010 [29] | NET versus Treatment As Usual. Patients of the NET group followed between 5 and 17 sessions (mean = 9 and sd = 3.77) of approximately 120 mins. The 2 groups received one PED session at trial beginning. | Witnessing a violent assault on a familiar person, torture, being in a war zone, and experiencing a violent assault by a stranger. | 32 Asylum seekers with a history of victimisation by organised violence allocated to either NET or treatment as usual (TAU) representing the control. Women represent 31.2% of participants. | Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS; Foa et al., 1995) [50]. | HSCL-25. | 2: pre and post treatment |
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Neuner et al., 2004 [16] | NET versus PED (no treatment) NET versus SC PED group had 1 session of treatment. NET and SC groups had 4 sessions of therapy. Sessions lasted 90 mins, exceptionally 120 mins. | Witnessing people badly injured or killed; threats with weapons, kidnappings, attacks, torture, combat experiences, sexual assaults and natural disasters. | 43 participants allocated to either NET or SC interventions with PED as control. Women represent, respectively, 75%, 57.1% and 53.3% of PED, SC and NET groups. | CIDI (CIDI; WHO, 1997) [47] and Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS; Foa et al., 1995) [50]. | Self-reporting Questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20; Harding et al., 1980) [51]. | 4: pre-treatment, post-treatment, 4 months and 1 year after treatment. |
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Neuner et al., 2008 [30] | NET versus no treatment (MG) NET versus TC Participants received six sessions (lasting between 1 and 2 hrs) of NET or TC. | Number of traumatic events was reported, but types of trauma were not. | 277 participants (Rwandan and Somalian refugees) were allocated to either NET, TC (Trauma counselling), or MG (monitoring group). Women represent, respectively, 49.1%, 53.2% and 50.5% of MG, TC, and NET groups. | CIDI and PDS. | None | 3 times for NET and TC groups: at pre-treatment, 3 and 6 months posttreatment. MG was tested at pretreatment, 6 and 9 months. |
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Ertl et al. 2011 [31] | NET versus Academic catch-up or waiting list. Participants received 8 sessions of NET. | Abduction/ experienced or witnessed trauma. | 85 formerly abducted youths were allocated to one the 3 groups. Between 42 and 67% of the participants of each group were women. | CAPS. | MINI. | 4 assessments for each group at pretreatment, 3, 6 and 12 months. |
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Kruse et al. 2009 [26] | CPT versus usual care. 25 hours of manualized trauma-focused psychotherapy (CPT) | Torture, mass rape, genocide, expulsion | Participants (Bosnian) were between 18 and 61 years old and without no serious illness or alcohol/drug dependence. 67.7% of participants were women. | Havard Trauma Questionnaire (PTSD event section); Symptom Checklist (SCL-90R) | None | 2 assessments: before and after intervention. |
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