The Use of Silver Solid Amalgam Electrodes for Voltammetric and Amperometric Determination of Nitrated Polyaromatic Compounds Used as Markers of Incomplete Combustion

Table 1

Examples of limits of detection (𝐿_𝐷) for 1-NP, 2-NF, 3-NFt, and 5-NQ in standards solutions by various HPLC and electrochemical methods.

Compound	Electrode or reduction technique	Detection technique	𝐿𝐷 (μmol L^−1)	References
1-NP	Pt/Rh online reducer column	HPLC-CD	0.0004	[29]
1-NP, 2-NF, 3-NFt	Pt catalyst	HPLC-FD	0.00053, 0.00047, 0.00049	[27]
1-NP	—	HPLC-TOF-MS	0.0032	[27]
1-NP, 2-NF	Offline electrochemical reduction by Ti(III) citrate	HPLC-FD	0.033, 0.032	[28]
1-NP, 2-NF	Online electrochemical reduction at porous graphite	HPLC-FD	0.0075, 0.011	[26]
1-NP, 2-NF	Glassy carbon in thin layer arrangement	HPLC-ED	0.14, 0.079	[30]
1-NP	Online electrochemical reduction at glassy carbon	HPLC-FD	0.00089	[25]
1-NP	Glassy carbon in wall-jet arrangement	HPLC-ED	0.33	[31]
1-NP, 2-NF, 3-NFt, 5-NQ	DME	DPP	0.3, 0.4, 0.1, 0.4	[10, 32–34]
1-NP, 2-NF, 3-NFt, 5-NQ	HMDE	DPV	0.06, 0.04, 0.03, 0.03	[10, 32–34]
1-NP, 2-NF, 3-NFt, 5-NQ	HMDE	AdSDPV	0.001, 0.003, 0.005, —^a	[10, 32–34]
1-NP, 2-NF, 3-NFt	BDDFE	DPV	0.03, 0.4, 0.03^b	[35–37]
5-NQ	m-AgSAE	FIA	3	[10]

^aadsorption not applicable for 5-NQ; ^blimit of quantification; CD: coulometric detection; FD: fluorescence detection; ED: electrochemical detection; TOF-MS: time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection; DME: dropping mercury electrode; DPP: differential pulse polarography; HMDE: hanging mercury drop electrode; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; AdSDPV: adsorptive stripping DPV; BDDFE: boron-doped diamond film electrode; m-AgSAE: mercury meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode; FIA: flow injection analysis.