The Scientific World Journal

Research Article

Foetal Exposure to Maternal Passive Smoking Is Associated with Childhood Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, and Eczema

Table 4

Associations between foetal exposure to maternal smoking and 5 health outcomes including asthma ever, wheeze ever, current wheeze, allergic rhinitis ever, and eczema ever.

Level of exposure

Numbers of participants

Asthma ever^# ()

Wheeze ever^## ()

Current wheeze^## ()

Allergic rhinitis ever^# ()

Eczema ever^## ()

Unadjusted

Model 1

Model 2

Unadjusted

Model 1

Model 2

Unadjusted

Model 1

Model 2

Unadjusted

Model 1

Model 2

Unadjusted

Model 1

Model 2

Un-exposed (mother did not smoke and mother did not expose to ETS during pregnancy)

5109

Reference

Mother did not smoke but exposed to ETS during pregnancy

2116

1.28
(0.99–1.65)

1.27
(0.98–1.64)

1.29
(1.00–1.66)

2.05
(1.58–2.67)^***

2.04
(1.56–2.66)^***

2.00
(1.54–2.61)^***

2.06
(1.48–2.86)^***

2.01
(1.44–2.80)^***

2.03
(1.46–2.82)^***

1.22
(1.09–1.37)^**

1.22
(1.08–1.38)^**

1.23
(1.10–1.39)^**

1.61
(1.38–1.87)^***

1.59
(1.36–1.85)^***

1.60
(1.37–1.86)^***

Mother smoked with/without exposed to ETS during pregnancy

168

2.10
(1.14–3.84)^*

1.75
(0.91–3.35)

2.32
(1.26–4.26)^***

2.46
(1.27–4.78)^**

2.34
(1.18–4.64)^*

2.61
(1.34–5.09)^***

2.74
(1.24–6.01)^***

2.36
(1.04–5.33)^*

2.72
(1.23–6.01)^***

1.01
(0.70–1.46)

1.14
(0.78–1.67)

1.14
(0.78–1.65)

1.38
(0.87–2.18)

1.31
(0.81–2.08)

1.32
(0.83–2.08)

Values are shown as OR (95% CI) ^*, ^**, and ^***.
Unadjusted Cochrane-Mantel-Haenszel test for trend ^#, ^##.
Model 1: adjusted for age group, gender, highest education level of parents, perinatal and postnatal problem, and family history of asthma.
Model 2: adjusted for age group and gender only.