Foetal Exposure to Maternal Passive Smoking Is Associated with Childhood Asthma, Allergic Rhinitis, and Eczema
Table 4
Associations between foetal exposure to maternal smoking and 5 health outcomes including asthma ever, wheeze ever, current wheeze, allergic rhinitis ever, and eczema ever.
Level of exposure
Numbers of participants
Asthma ever# ()
Wheeze ever## ()
Current wheeze## ()
Allergic rhinitis ever# ()
Eczema ever## ()
Unadjusted
Model 1
Model 2
Unadjusted
Model 1
Model 2
Unadjusted
Model 1
Model 2
Unadjusted
Model 1
Model 2
Unadjusted
Model 1
Model 2
Un-exposed (mother did not smoke and mother did not expose to ETS during pregnancy)
5109
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Reference
Mother did not smoke but exposed to ETS during pregnancy
2116
1.28 (0.99–1.65)
1.27 (0.98–1.64)
1.29 (1.00–1.66)
2.05 (1.58–2.67)***
2.04 (1.56–2.66)***
2.00 (1.54–2.61)***
2.06 (1.48–2.86)***
2.01 (1.44–2.80)***
2.03 (1.46–2.82)***
1.22 (1.09–1.37)**
1.22 (1.08–1.38)**
1.23 (1.10–1.39)**
1.61 (1.38–1.87)***
1.59 (1.36–1.85)***
1.60 (1.37–1.86)***
Mother smoked with/without exposed to ETS during pregnancy
168
2.10 (1.14–3.84)*
1.75 (0.91–3.35)
2.32 (1.26–4.26)***
2.46 (1.27–4.78)**
2.34 (1.18–4.64)*
2.61 (1.34–5.09)***
2.74 (1.24–6.01)***
2.36 (1.04–5.33)*
2.72 (1.23–6.01)***
1.01 (0.70–1.46)
1.14 (0.78–1.67)
1.14 (0.78–1.65)
1.38 (0.87–2.18)
1.31 (0.81–2.08)
1.32 (0.83–2.08)
Values are shown as OR (95% CI) *, **, and ***. Unadjusted Cochrane-Mantel-Haenszel test for trend #, ##. Model 1: adjusted for age group, gender, highest education level of parents, perinatal and postnatal problem, and family history of asthma. Model 2: adjusted for age group and gender only.