Subcutaneous Administration of Tramadol after Elective Surgery Is as Effective as Intravenous Administration in Relieving Acute Pain and Inflammation in Dogs

Figure 3

Mean heart rates over time are not significantly different between the IV and SC groups. Values within the IV group are significantly different from the baseline measurements at 4 hr (𝑃=0.02), 5 hr (𝑃=0.02), 6 hr (𝑃=0.00), 7 hr (𝑃=0.001), and 8 hr (𝑃=0.009). Values within the SC group are significantly different from the baseline measurements at 4 hr (𝑃=0.042), 6 hr (𝑃=0.029), 7 hr (𝑃=0.019), and 8 hr (𝑃=0.009).