Associations between Pathological Gambling and Psychiatric Comorbidity among Help-Seeking Populations in Hong Kong

Table 1

Differences between pathological gamblers with and without lifetime and current psychiatric disorders in demographic characteristics.

Variable	Lifetime psychiatric disorders					Current psychiatric disorders
	With MI (𝑁=128)	Without MI (𝑁=73)	χ ^2	df	P	With MI (𝑁=90)	Without MI (𝑁=111)	χ ^2	df	P
Demographic characteristics
Gender
Male	89.8%	91.8%	0.204	1	0.652	86.7%	93.7%	2.867	1	0.090
Female	10.2%	8.2%				13.3%	6.3%
Age
20 or below	0.8%	1.4%	0.268	4	0.992	1.1%	0.9%	0.996	4	0.915
21–30	18.8%	17.8%				16.7%	19.8%
31–40	27.3%	28.8%				30.0%	26.1%
41–50	29.6%	30.1%				27.7%	31.5%
51 or above	23.4%	21.9%				24.4%	21.6%
Marital status
Never married	28.9%	28.8%	4.266	2	0.179	27.8%	29.7%	9.069	2	0.011
Married	56.3%	65.8%				53.3%	64.9%
Widowed, separated or divorced	11.4%	5.5%				18.9%	5.4%
Education
Lower secondary school or below	28.1%	17.8%	3.436	2	0.179	30.0%	19.8%	3.622	2	0.163
Upper secondary school	42.2%	42.5%				42.2%	42.3%
Sixth form or above	29.7%	39.7%				27.8%	37.8%
Economic status
Employed	73.4%	90.4%	8.297	2	0.016	70.0%	87.4%	9.437	2	0.009
Homemakers, retired, or students	6.3%	2.7%				6.7%	3.6%
Unemployed	20.3%	6.8%				23.3%	9.0%
Personal income
$0	17.2%	8.2%	14.160	7	0.048	18.9%	9.9%	11.487	7	0.119
$1–$5,000	8.6%	15.1%				7.8%	4.5%
$5,001–$10,000	21.9%	21.9%				22.2%	21.6%
$10,001–$15,000	24.2%	24.7%				21.1%	27.0%
$15,001–$20,000	14.1%	13.7%				17.8%	10.8%
$20,001–$25,000	3.9%	11.0%				3.3%	9.0%
$25,001–$30,000	3.9%	4.1%				3.3%	4.5%
$30,001 or above	6.3%	15.1%				5.6%	12.6%
Living arrangement
Living alone	12.5%	4.1%	5.195	3	0.158	15.5%	4.5%	9.467	3	0.024
With spouse	14.1%	20.5%				12.2%	19.8%
With family members	68.8%	72.6%				66.7%	73.0%
With friends, in hostels, or in unstable homes	4.7%	2.7%				5.5%	2.7%