Research Article
Associations between Pathological Gambling and Psychiatric Comorbidity among Help-Seeking Populations in Hong Kong
Table 2
Differences between pathological gamblers with and without lifetime and current psychiatric disorders in gambling and clinical characteristics.
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Variable | Lifetime psychiatric disorders | Current psychiatric disorders | | With MI mean (SD) | Without MI mean (SD) | χ 2 | df | P | With MI mean (SD) | Without MI mean (SD) | χ 2 | df | P |
| | Gambling characteristics | | | | | | | | | | | | Age of first gambling | 20.0 (8.1) | 19.6 (6.2) | −0.378 | 199 | 0.706 | 20.3 (8.5) | 19.5 (6.6) | −0.773 | 199 | 0.441 | | Presence of debt (%) | 82.0% | 76.7% | 0.825 | 1 | 0.364 | 86.7% | 74.8% | 4.409 | 1 | 0.036 | | ASI-Ga composite score | 0.42 (0.21) | 0.32 (0.17) | −3.174 | 199 | 0.002 | 0.45 (0.22) | 0.33 (0.17) | −4.351 | 199 | 0.000 |
| | Clinical characteristics | | | | | | | | | | | | Brief symptom inventory | | | | | | | | | | | | Somatization | 0.78 (0.78) | 0.38 (0.47) | −3.973 | 199 | 0.000 | 0.87 (0.83) | 0.44 (0.53) | −4.429 | 199 | 0.000 | | Obsessive-compulsive | 1.47 (0.82) | 0.90 (0.78) | −4.765 | 199 | 0.000 | 1.60 (0.83) | 0.99 (0.77) | −5.371 | 199 | 0.000 | | Interpersonal sensitivity | 1.39 (0.84) | 0.78 (0.59) | −5.453 | 199 | 0.000 | 1.53 (0.85) | 0.88 (0.65) | −6.143 | 199 | 0.000 | | Depression | 1.61 (1.02) | 0.85 (0.79) | −5.540 | 199 | 0.000 | 1.79 (0.99) | 0.96 (0.87) | −6.363 | 199 | 0.000 | | Anxiety | 1.25 (0.95) | 0.72 (0.71) | −4.154 | 199 | 0.000 | 1.44 (0.98) | 0.75 (0.69) | −5.766 | 199 | 0.000 | | Hostility | 0.94 (0.76) | 0.61 (0.69) | −3.061 | 199 | 0.003 | 1.02 (0.78) | 0.67 (0.69) | −3.343 | 199 | 0.001 | | Phobic anxiety | 0.74 (0.74) | 0.31 (0.47) | −4.439 | 199 | 0.000 | 0.82 (0.80) | 0.39 (0.51) | −4.660 | 199 | 0.000 | | Paranoid ideation | 0.87 (0.74) | 0.48 (0.55) | −3.865 | 199 | 0.000 | 0.90 (0.77) | 0.58 (0.60) | −3.331 | 199 | 0.001 | | Psychoticism | 1.14 (0.84) | 0.62 (0.61) | −4.719 | 199 | 0.000 | 1.25 (0.86) | 0.71 (0.66) | −5.044 | 199 | 0.000 | | GSIa | 1.15 (0.71) | 0.64 (0.53) | −5.398 | 199 | 0.000 | 1.27 (0.72) | 0.71 (0.56) | −6.135 | 199 | 0.000 | | PST a | 32.4 (13.6) | 21.8 (14.7) | −5.153 | 199 | 0.000 | 34.0 (13.6) | 24.0 (15.4) | −5.032 | 199 | 0.000 | | PSDI a | 1.78 (0.61) | 1.44 (0.39) | −4.194 | 199 | 0.000 | 1.89 (0.64) | 1.46 (0.41) | −5.612 | 199 | 0.000 | | Psychosocial impairment | | | | | | | | | | | | LIFE-RIFT a | 11.93 (3.28) | 8.96 (2.60) | −6.444 | 188 | 0.000 | 12.72 (3.11) | 9.30 (2.80) | −8.004 | 188 | 0.000 | | Severity of nicotine problem | | | | | | | | | | | | FTND a | 4.56 (3.00) | 2.03 (2.46) | −3.979 | 93 | 0.000 | 5.00 (2.86) | 2.39 (2.70) | −4.558 | 93 | 0.000 |
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a ASI-G: Addiction Severity Index—Gambling Section; GSI: General Severity Index; PST: Positive Symptom Total Score; PSDI: Positive Symptom Distress Index; LIFE-RIFT: Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation-Range of Impaired Functioning Tool; FTND: Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence.
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