Deriving Freshwater Quality Criteria for Iron, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc for Protection of Aquatic Life in Malaysia

Table 1

Acute toxicity of Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn to eight freshwater species (mean with 95% confidence limits).

Metal	Rank	Species	96 h-LC50 (mg L^−1)
	1	N. elinguis	0.12 (0.06–0.17)
	2	S. major	0.28 (n.a)
	3	D. melanostictus	0.4 (n.a)
Iron	4	C. javanus	0.62 (0.004–1.25)
	5	P. reticulata	1.46 (0.47–2.57)
	6	R. sumatrana	1.71 (0.035–4.46)
	7	M. lanchesteri	3.42 (0.35–32)
	8	M. tuberculata	8.49 (1.58–15.25)
	1	M. lanchesteri	0.035 (0.024–0.051)
	2	S. major	0.53 (0.31–0.9)
	3	N. elinguis	0.58 (n.a)
Lead	4	R. sumatrana	0.63 (0.22–1.77)
	5	C. javanus	0.72 (0.34–1.16)
	6	D. melanostictus	1.5 (0.4–2.2)
	7	P. reticulata	1.99 (0.69–4.14)
	8	M. tuberculata	6.82 (2.89–12.67)
	1	N. elinguis	0.64 (0.56–0.69)
	2	R. sumatrana	0.83 (0.30–1.56)
	3	C. javanus	5.32 (2.79–9.21)
Nickel	4	M. lanchesteri	8.1 (2.1–37.3)
	5	M. tuberculata	8.46 (3.53–14.02)
	6	D. melanostictus	8.8 (5–17)
	7	P. reticulata	15.62 (10.77–20.56)
	8	S. major	19.74 (14.77–26.38)
	1	R. sumatrana	0.46 (0.23–0.89)
	2	M. lanchesteri	0.52 (0.33–0.88)
	3	N. elinguis	0.91 (0.79–1.13)
Zinc	4	P. reticulata	1.05 (0.37–2.15)
	5	S. major	1.19 (0.95–1.48)
	6	M. tuberculata	3.9 (1.81–6.67)
	7	D. melanostictus	4.2 (2.1–7.5)
	8	C. javanus	5.57 (3.54–29.42)

n.a—not available: values could not be calculated from probit software.