Clay Improvement with Burned Olive Waste Ash

Table 1

Properties of the bentonite.

Chemical analysis
L.o.I. (%)	7.50 ± 1.00
SiO2 (%)	71.00 ± 1.00
Al2O3 (%)	14.00 ± 1.00
Fe2O3 (%)	0.70 ± 0.10
TiO2 (%)	0.05 ± 0.01
CaO (%)	1.10 ± 0.30
MgO (%)	3.20 ± 0.20
Na2O (%)	0.25 ± 0.05
K2O (%)	1.00 ± 0.10
Mineralogical analysis
Montmorillonite (%)	80
Cristobalite-opal C (%)	17
K-feldspar (%)	3
Plagioclase (%)	Trace
Properties
Cation exchange capacity (meq/100 gr)	85.0 ± 5.0
CaCO3 (%)	0
Swelling (mL/2 gr)	8.0 ± 2.0
Sedimentation (72 hours) (mL)	10
Sintering point (°C)	1200
Bulk density (gr/lt)	800 ± 30
Clumping test	Positive
Clump weight (gr)	55 ± 5
Water absorbtion (%)	90 ± 5
Water absorbtion duration (sec)	max. 65
NH3 adsorption (ppm)	40
Bleaching—original(Tonsil equivalent)	0.6
Bleaching—Acid activated (Tonsil equivalent)	0.7
pH (8% solid)	8.5
Grit content (+75 μm) (%)	<4
Color	White
Lightness	93 ± 1
Moisture (%)	<30