Effects of the Tip Location on Single Piles Subjected to Surcharge and Axial Loads

Table 2

Constitutive models and material parameters adopted for the numerical analyses.

Solid	Pile	Bottom sand	Clay
Constitutive model	Linear-elastic	Mohr-Coulomb	Cam-clay
𝛾sat (kN/m^3)	27	19.4	16.3
𝜈	0.18	0.30	0.35
Young’s modulus, E (kPa)	3×10^7	1.2×10^5	N/A
M	N/A	N/A	0.98
𝜆	N/A	N/A	0.14
𝜅	N/A	N/A	0.012
𝑝0 (kPa)	N/A	N/A	64
𝑒0	N/A	0.37	1.6
𝜑^′	N/A	29.7°	25°
𝜓	N/A	8.3°	0°
𝐾0	N/A	0.50	0.58