Research Article
Effects of the Tip Location on Single Piles Subjected to Surcharge and Axial Loads
Table 2
Constitutive models and material parameters adopted for the numerical analyses.
| Solid | Pile | Bottom sand | Clay |
| Constitutive model | Linear-elastic | Mohr-Coulomb | Cam-clay | (kN/m3) | 27 | 19.4 | 16.3 | | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.35 | Young’s modulus, E (kPa) | | | N/A | M | N/A | N/A | 0.98 | | N/A | N/A | 0.14 | | N/A | N/A | 0.012 | (kPa) | N/A | N/A | 64 | | N/A | 0.37 | 1.6 | | N/A | 29.7° | 25° | | N/A | 8.3° | 0° | | N/A | 0.50 | 0.58 |
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