Five Pistacia species (P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. lentiscus): A Review of Their Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology

Table 2

Chemical compounds isolated from selected Pistacia species.

	Name of compound	Structure	Species	Plant part	References
Monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and volatile oil
1	𝛼-pinene		P.  vera	Leaf and unripe fruit; Resin	[14]; [12, 15]
			P.  terebinthus	Fruit; Aerial part	[16]; [17]
			P. terebinthus; var. palaestina	Leaf and gall	[18]
			P.  lentiscus var. chia	Resin	[19]
			P.  lentiscus	Leaf; Fruit; Aerial part	[20]; [21]; [22–24]
			P.  atlantica	Leaf, fruit, and gall; Resin	[25]; [26, 27]
2	Limonene		P.  vera	Leaf	[28]
				Fruit	[28]
				Resin	[12]
			P.  terebinthus	Unripe and ripe fruits	[29]
			P.  lentiscus	Fruit	[28]
				Leaf	[28, 36]
3	Terpinolene		P.  vera; P.  atlantica	Leaf; Leaf	[28]; [28]
4	𝛼-Ocimene
5	𝛽-Ocimene		P.  vera; P.  terebinthus	Leaf; Unripe and ripe fruits; Leaf	[28]; [18]; [28]
6	Terpinen-4-ol		P.  terebinthus	Leaf	[30]
			P.  atlantica	Unripe fruits	[31]
				Leaf	[27, 31]
			P.  lentiscus	Aerial parts	[22]
				Leaf	[30, 35]
7	p-Cymene		P.  terebinthus	Young shoots	[29]
8	Bornyl acetate		P.  atlantica	Fruits	[27]
9	Sabinene		P.  atlantica	Fruits	[28]
				Unripe fruits	[31]
				Leaf buds	[31]
			P.  lentiscus	Fruits; Leaf	[28]
10	Myrcene		P.  atlantica	Unripe fruits	[31]
				Leaf	[31]
			P.  lentiscus	Fruits	[34, 36]
				Leaf
11	p-Mentha-1 (7),8 diene		P.  atlantica	Leaf; Leaf buds	[31]; [31]
12	Δ^3-carene		P.  atlantica	Unripe galls	[32]
13	Verbenone		P.  lentiscus	Mastic water; Mastic oil	[33]; [19]
14	𝛼-terpineol		P.  lentiscus	Mastic water; Mastic oil	[33]; [19]
15	Linalool		P.  lentiscus	Mastic water	[33]
16	Trans-pinocarveol		P.  lentiscus	Mastic water	[33]
17	𝛽-pinene		P.  lentiscus	Resin	[30]
18	Camphene		P.  vera	Resin	[12]
19	Carvacrol		P.  vera	Resin	[12]
20	Germacrene-D		P.  lentiscus; P.  terebinthus	Leaf; Flowers	[28]; [29]
21	𝛽-caryophyllene		P.  terebinthus	Leaf	[28]
			P.  lentiscus	Leaf	[34]
				Galls	[24]
22	Spathulenol		P.  atlantica; P.  khinjuk	Leaf; Leaf	[37]; [38]
23	Longifolene		P.  lentiscus	Aerial parts	[39]
Diterpenoids
24	Abietadiene		P.  vera	Resin	[12]
25	Abietatriene		P.  vera	Resin	[12]
Triterpenoids
26	Masticadienonic acid		P.  lentiscus; P.  terebinthus; P.  atlantica	Resin; Resin; Resin	[40]; [41]; [42]
27	Masticadienolic acid		P.  lentiscus; P.  terebinthus; P.  atlantica	Resin; Resin; Resin	[40]; [41]; [42]
28	Morolic acid		P.  lentiscus; P.  terebinthus; P.  atlantica	Resin; Resin; Resin	[40]; [41]; [42]
29	Oleanolic acid		P.  lentiscus; P.  terebinthus; P.  atlantica	Resin; Resin; Resin	[40]; [41]; [42]
30	Ursonic acid		P.  atlantica	Resin	[42]
31	Tirucallol		P.  lentiscus; P.  terebinthus	Resin; Resin	[40]; [41]
32	Dammaradienone		P.  lentiscus; P.  terebinthus	Resin; Resin	[40]; [41]
33	𝛽-Amyrin		P.  lentiscus; P.  terebinthus	Resin; Resin	[40]; [41]
34	Lupeol		P.  lentiscus; P.  terebinthus	Resin; Resin	[40]; [41]
35	3-O-acetyl-3-epiisomasticadienolic acid		P.  atlantica	Resin	[42]
Phenolic compounds
36	Gallic acid		P.  vera; P.  lentiscus; P.  atlantica	Seed and skin; Leaf; Fruit; Gall and Leaf	[44]; [45]; [52]; [46]
37	Catechin		P.  vera      P.  lentiscus	Seed and skin; Leaf	[44]; [45]
38	Epicatechin		P.  vera	Seed and skin	[44]
39	Digallic acid		P.  lentiscus	Fruits	[47]
40	3-(8-Pentadecenyl)-phenol		P.  vera	Kernel	[48]
41	Trans-resveratrol		P.  vera	Kernel	[49–51]
42	Cis-resveratrol		P.  vera	Kernel	[49]
43	3,4,5-Tri-O-galloyl quinic acid		P.  lentiscus	Leaf	[45]
44	Monogalloyl glucose		P.  lentiscus	Leaf	[45]
45	1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose		P.  lentiscus	Fruit	[52]
46	Naringenin		P.  vera	Seed and skin	[44]
47	Eriodictyol		P.  vera	Seed and skin	[44]
48	Daidzein		P.  vera	Seed and skin	[44]
49	Genistein		P.  vera	Seed and skin	[44]
50	Quercetin		P.  vera	Seed and skin	[44]
51	Kaempferol		P.  vera	Seed and skin	[44]
52	Apigenin		P.  vera	Seed and skin	[44]
53	Luteolin		P.  vera	Seed and skin	[44]
54	Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside		P.  vera	Seed and skin	[44]
55	6′-Hydroxyhypolaetin 3′-methyl ether		P.  terebinthus	Fruits	[53]
56	Quercetin-3-glucoside		P.  atlantica; P.  lentiscus	Aerial parts	[54]
57	3-Methoxycarpachromene		P.  atlantica	Aerial parts	[55]
58	Myricetin-3-glucoside		P.   khinjuk	Aerial parts	[54]
59	Myricetin-3-galactoside		P.   khinjuk	Aerial parts	[54]
60	Myricetin-3-rutinoside		P.   khinjuk	Aerial parts	[54]
61	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside		P.  vera; P.  lentiscus	Skin; Nuts; Berries; leaves	[44]; [56]; [57]; [7]; [45]
62	Cyanidin-3-galactoside		P.  vera	Skin; Nuts	[44, 56]; [57]
63	Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside		P.  lentiscus	Berries; Leaves	[7]; [45]