Review Article
Overdiagnosis of Bipolar Disorder: A Critical Analysis of the Literature
Table 1
Studies addressing the overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder.
| Author/year | Sample | Gold standard | Findings |
| Ghaemi et al. (2000) [9] | Outpatients
| SCID | Clinician-based diagnosis of BD: PPV of 34% and NPV of 95% | Stewart and El-Mallakh (2007) [10] | Outpatients from a substance abuse treatment program | DSM-IV criteria | Only 42.9% of patients diagnosed with BD actually met diagnostic criteria |
Goldberg et al. (2008) [11] | Dual diagnosis inpatients
| SCID | Only 33% of patients diagnosed with BD actually met criteria for that condition. Misdiagnosis associated with cocaine and polysubstance abuse | Zimmerman et al. (2008) [8] | Outpatients
| SCID | Clinician-based diagnosis of BD: PPV of 37% and NPV of 95% |
Ruggero et al. (2010) [12] | Outpatients
| SCID | 40% of patients with borderline personality disorder mistakenly diagnosed with BD | Zimmerman et al. (2010) [13] | Outpatients
| SCID | Patients overdiagnosed with BD were significantly more likely to receive disability payments |
Chilakamarri et al. (2011) [14] | Child outpatients
| DSM-IV criteria | Minimum number of patients misdiagnosed with BD; underdiagnosis was common |
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BD: bipolar disorder, SCID: structured clinical interview for DSM-IV disorders; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value.
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