Cooccurrence of Mycotoxins in Maize and Poultry Feeds from Brazil by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Table 1

Spiking levels (SL), limit of detection (LOD), and average apparent recoveries of spiked maize and feed.

Toxins	SL	LOD	Recovery (%)
	𝜇g/kg	𝜇g/kg	Maize	Feed
Fumonisins
Fumonisin B1 (FB1)	504	8	78±5	51±3
Fumonisin B2 (FB2)	505	7	76±2	53±2
Fumonisin B3 (FB3)	50.0	4	98±5	74±7
Hydrolysed fumonisin B1 (HFB1)	54.9	17	74±5	75±4
Aflatoxins
Aflatoxin B1 (AFL B1)	25	0.8	71±5	77±3
Aflatoxin G1 (AFL G1)	25	0.5	80±3	75±6
Aflatoxin B2 (AFL B2)	25	0.7	83±2	65±7
Aflatoxin G2 (AFL G2)	25	1	87±2	69±9
Ochratoxins
Ochratoxin A (OTA)	20	1	82±5	94±3
Ochratoxin B (OTB)	20	1	85±5	93±5
Ochratoxin α (OT𝛼)	11	3	77	84
Zearalenone
Zearalenone (ZON)	100	0.4	86±3	81±3
Zearalenone-4-sulfate	0.4	0.3	86	95
α-Zearalenol (α-ZOL)	20	3	100±9	90±6
β-Zearalenol (β-ZOL)	20	4	75±7	69±7
α-Zearalenol-glucoside	120	0.8	94±11	99±8
β-Zearalenol-glucoside	120	1	110	99
Zearalenone-4-glucoside	20	5	94±19	112±5
Hexadepsipeptides
Beauvericin (BEA)	10	2	66	86
Enniatin A (EA)	0.8	0.1	102±8	87±6
Enniatin A1 (EA1)	0.56	0.15	100±6	88±9
Enniatin B (EB)	0.53	0.3	66±6	67±13
Enniatin B1 (EB1)	1.51	0.2	100±3	73±2
Enniatin B3 (EB3)	0.63	0.04	93	87
Ergot alkaloids
Agroclavine	3.4	0.2	49±7	60±16
Chanoclavine	50	0.4	79±4	80±7
Festuclavine	50	0.15	83±2	70±6
Elymoclavine	50	1	47±4	47±11
Elymoclavine fructoside	50	4	29±4	32±8
Oxidized elymoclavine	50	3	46±3	51±9
Ergine	1.08	0.1	57±4	54±9
Ergotamine	1.08	0.7	24	37
Ergocornine	1.08	1	36	30
Ergocorninine	0.692	0.15	52	62
Ergocristine	1.08	0.3	23	33
Ergocristinine	0.692	0.2	59	61
α-Ergocryptine	1.08	0.2	30	36
α-Ergocryptinine	0.692	0.1	67	69
Ergometrine	2.17	0.1	90	80
Ergometrinine	0.432	0.07	58±5	43±4
Ergosine	1.08	0.13	37	31
Ergosinine	0.692	0.02	82	48
Dihydroergotamine	1.08	0.5	49	43
Oxidized luol	50	0.3	72	75
Dihydrolysergol	50	0.2	79±2	66±4
Lysergol	50	1	76±2	65±5
Trichothecenes
Deoxynivalenol (DON)	100	20	107±5	99±2
15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol	50.4	50	104±7	116±18
3-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol	100	20	91±5	96±3
Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside	20	15	120±11	75±7
Deepoxydeoxynivalenol	25.5	15	127	114
Nivalenol (NIV)	100	50	110±16	90±3
Fusarenon X (F-X)	101	50	100±8	101±5
Toxin HT-2 (HT2)	100	20	99±6	104±4
Toxin T-2 (T2)	100	20	101±2	98±2
Neosolaniol (NEO)	27	3	92±6	95±4
Monoacetoxyscirpenol	10	2	111±16	110±13
Diacetoxyscirpenol	100	1	91±4	98±1
Verrucarol	200	180	80±17	95±8
Verrucarin A	10.7	5	95	91
Roridin A	13.7	1	89	87
T2-Tetraol	42.7	20	76	89
T2-Triol	42.7	20	79	77
Others
Moniliformin (MON)	204	81	87	112
Kojic acid.	300	160	83±3	64±9
Emodin	8.5	4	89	65
Penicillic acid	62.5	20	50±11	39±7
Brefeldin A	62.5	60	95±12	93±7
Roquefortin C	62.5	4	65±5	61±9
Gibberellic acid	85.4	20	102	101
Patulin (PAT)	64.2	100	16	22
Gliotoxin	42.7	12	58	12
Fumitremorgin C	6.4	4	90	79
Altenuene	8.5	6	89	102
Alternariol	17.1	2	91	82
Alternariol monomethyl ether	8.5	0.1	99	81
Sterigmatocystin	8.5	0.4	78	84
Citrinin (CTN)	25.6	30	90	122
Cytochalasin A	62.5	30	18±7	25±8
Cytochalasin B	62.5	10	95±5	89±6
Cytochalasin C	62.5	2	96±11	94±12
Cytochalasin D	62.5	4	102±7	92±4
Cytochalasin H	62.5	30	98±5	96±5
Cytochalasin J	62.5	5	95±5	98±6
Mevinolin	42.7	7	109	65
Mycophenolic acid	23.9	10	106	103
Paxilline	42.7	25	99	66
Penitrem A	12.8	5	133	121
Sulochrin	21.3	4	84	83
Tentoxin	3.39	0.5	148	152
Chaetoglobosin A	21.3	9	10	50
Chetomin	64.0	100	18	17
Meleagrin	21.3	2	92	99
Verruculogen	24.4	50	78	86
Griseofulvin	21.3	10	90	90
Methysergide	0.70	0.4	75	83
Alamethicin-F30	40	3	99	85
HC toxin	43.5	20	87±5	68±4