Determination of Interesting Toxicological Elements in PM_2.5 by Neutron and Photon Activation Analysis

Table 3

Seasonal element concentrations (average, min, and max levels expressed as ng m⁻³) in PM₁₀ determined by INAA and IPAA(^a) in atmospheric particulate sampled in downtown Rome.

Element	Summer			Winter
	Average	Min	Max	Average	Min	Max
Ag	0.22	0.1	0.5	0.25	0.1	0.6
Al	2900	500	5300	800	200	1600
As^a	4	1	15	3	1	8
Ba	60	30	120	30	5	70
Br	40	20	70	50	10	140
Ca	2200	800	4200	1200	300	2000
Cd	0.4	0.3	0.9	0.65	0.3	2
Ce	5.6	0.7	10	2	0.2	5
Cl	1300	300	3900	1400	300	4700
Co	0.7	0.4	1.2	0.5	0.1	0.9
Cr	7	4	13	19	2	41
Cs	1.2	0.6	2.2	0.6	0.2	1.3
Eu	0.08	0.04	0.14	0.03	0.01	0.07
Fe	2200	1000	3600	1100	400	2700
Hf	0.36	0.15	0.62	0.13	0.01	0.30
Hg	0.14	0.05	0.36	0.12	0.03	0.20
I	6	3	8	6	3	10
K	1120	50	1900	320	50	1000
La	6	3	11	3	0.3	5
Mg	1090	50	2700	560	200	1200
Mn	40	15	60	35	10	90
Mo	0.5	0.2	0.6	2	0.3	7
Na	1500	300	7000	730	200	3500
Ni	1.7	1	5	6	3	13
Pb^a	90	40	180	120	40	340
Rb	17	10	30	7	2	15
Sb	2	0.7	4	2	0.7	7
Sc	0.3	0.1	0.5	0.1	0.03	0.2
Se	0.6	0.2	1.1	0.4	0.2	1.3
Ta	0.03	0.01	0.05	0.01	0.005	0.02
Tb	0.055	0.1	0.10	0.024	0.01	0.05
Th	3	1	5	0.7	0.2	2.4
Ti	540	200	1050	265	200	500
Tl^a	1	0.5	2	1.4	0.5	4
U	0.4	0.1	0.7	0.2	0.06	0.4
V	8	1	15	12	8	23
Zn	70	30	180	110	40	220
Zr^a	50	10	90	20	5	50