Applying an ESSENCE Framework to Understanding Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD: Retrospective Parent Reports of Childhood Problems
Table 3
Comparisons in childhood problems between ADHD/ASD groups and other psychiatric disorders group.
FTF subdomains
Main Effects
ADHD
ASD
ADHD+ASD
P
P
P
P
Gross motor skills
<0.001
<0.01
<0.001
<0.001
Fine motor skills
<0.001
<0.001
<0.05
<0.001
Attention
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Hypoactive and hyperactive/impulsive
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Planning and organizing
<0.001
<0.001
<0.01
<0.001
Relation in space
<0.001
<0.001
<0.05
<0.001
Time concepts
<0.001
<0.001
n.s.
<0.001
Body perception
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Visual perception
<0.01
<0.01
n.s.
<0.01
Memory
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Comprehension
<0.001
<0.001
<0.01
<0.001
Expressive language skills
<0.05
n.s.
<0.05
<0.01
Communication
<0.001
0.01
<0.001
<0.001
Reading/writing and math
<0.001
<0.001
<0.05
<0.001
General learning
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Coping in learning
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Social skills
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Internalising and externalising
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Obsessive-compulsive
<0.05
n.s.
<0.01
n.s.
Comparisons between the other psychiatric disorders and the ADHD, ASD, and ADHD+ASD groups; n.s.: nonsignificant; overall group differences were calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA; pairwise group comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney test.
