Effectiveness of a Theory-Driven Nutritional Education Program in Improving Calcium Intake among Older Mauritian Adults

Table 4

Differences in baseline mean calcium frequency scores and milk consumption by sociodemographic factors in the whole sample (IG and CG).

Sociodemographic factor	Mean calcium frequency scores (SD)	𝑃 value	Daily milk (2 glasses) (%)	𝑃 value; Phi Value
Gender
Male	31.0 (6.40)	0.007	24.4	𝑃=𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟐; Phi = 0.216
Female	28.8 (5.77)		36.4
Menstrual status
Premenopausal	32.8 (5.19)	<0.001	44.8	𝑃<𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏; Phi = 0.430
Perimenopausal	28.8 (6.55)		22.2
Postmenopausal	26.2 (3.92)		39.5
Age group
40–50	31.9 (5.03)	<0.001	30.5	𝑃=0.068; Phi = 0.291
51–60	28.9 (5.88)		26.6
61–70	25.8 (4.90)		33.3
≥71	33.4 (7.06)		37.0
Ethnicity
Indo-Mauritian	29.5 (5.91)	>0.05	26.9	𝑃=0.360; Phi = 0.229
Afro-Mauritian	31.1 (7.13)		45.9
Franco-Mauritian	31.5 (6.75)		27.2
Sino-Mauritian	28.8 (5.03)		0.0
Occupational status
Professional	32.2 (3.54)	<0.001	41.7	𝑃<𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏; Phi = 0.653
Technical/clerical	25.3 (4.84)		16.3
Skilled worker	34.0 (5.40)		41.4
Partly skilled	28.6 (5.16)		38.2
Unskilled	32.5 (5.57)		33.3
Retired	30.8 (6.36)		28.6
Education level
Primary	29.7 (4.83)	0.001	0.0	𝑃=𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏; Phi = 0.394
Secondary	30.4 (6.50)		32.5
Tertiary	27.3 (5.30)		35.7
Postgraduate	35.0 (2.69)		55.6
Personal income level
≤Rs 5 000	30.7 (5.72)	<0.001	22.9	𝑃<𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏; Phi = 0.611
Rs 5 001–Rs 10 000	32.1 (6.05)		30.6
Rs 10 001–Rs 20 000	29.4 (4.92)		54.1
>Rs 20 000	26.0 (6.06)		19.0
Household income level
≤Rs 15 000	29.1 (5.18)	>0.05	32.0	𝑃<𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏; Phi = 0.556
Rs 15 001–Rs 20 000	31.0 (4.82)		45.6
Rs 20 001–Rs 30 000	30.6 (6.63)		22.0
>Rs 30 000	28.7 (7.04)		22.7
SES
Low SES	30.9 (5.65)	<0.001	24.0	𝑃<𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏; Phi = 0.542
Medium SES	31.0 (5.99)		45.1
High SES	26.0 (6.16)		18.6

Statistical tests: Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test (calcium frequency scores); Chi-square test of independence (milk consumption).