A Fragile Zero Watermarking Scheme to Detect and Characterize Malicious Modifications in Database Relations

Table 13

Characterization of malicious modifications on length of data values.

	Insertion attack		Deletion attack		Update attack
Attack rate	10%	90%	10%	90%	10%	90%
𝑙𝑗	Δℱ𝑙𝑗%	Δℱ𝑙𝑗%	Δℱ𝑙𝑗%	Δℱ𝑙𝑗%	Δℱ𝑙𝑗%	Δℱ𝑙𝑗%
1	+9.55	100.58	−8.94	−91.25	−3.65	−38.67
2	+10.20	89.64	−10.21	−89.28	1.89	6.13
3	+10.35	89.91	−9.98	−88.92	1.57	11.03
4	+9.41	87.71	−10.16	−91.93	−2.94	−12.33

The detailed experiments for this set of attacks are presented in the Appendix (Tables 19(a)–19(f)).