A Fragile Zero Watermarking Scheme to Detect and Characterize Malicious Modifications in Database Relations

Table 6

Characterization of malicious insertion attacks on digit frequency.

𝑑𝑖	𝑟𝑓𝑑𝑖	𝑓𝑑𝑖	𝑟𝑓𝑑𝑖^′	𝑓𝑑𝑖^′	Δ𝑓𝑑𝑖	Δℱ𝑑𝑖	Characteristic
0	8.63	1435163	10.28	1785659	+350496	+24.42%	↑ Low to High
1	18.02	2995771	17.24	2995771	0	0	No change
2	19.48	3238818	18.64	3238818	0	0	No change
3	11.70	1945572	11.20	1945572	0	0	No change
4	8.22	1366062	7.86	1366062	0	0	No change
5	7.48	1244089	7.16	1244089	0	0	No change
6	6.65	1105210	6.36	1105210	0	0	No change
7	6.45	1072363	6.17	1072363	0	0	No change
8	6.60	1097669	6.32	1097669	0	0	No change
9	6.76	1123819	8.78	1526545	+402726	+35.84%	↑Low to High